Taxation Determination

TD 93/65

Income tax: is a computer programmer a writer for the purposes of Division 16A of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 ?

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FOI status:

may be releasedFOI number: I 1214653

1. Yes. A computer programmer is a writer and thus qualifies for concessional treatment in terms of Division 16A.

2. Division 16A, comprising sections 158B - 158L of the ITAA, provides for income averaging for abnormal income of Australian resident writers, artists, inventors, sportspersons, composers, performers and production associates.

3. Section 158B defines a writer as 'the author of a literary or dramatic work'. The term author is not defined in the Division and must, therefore, take its popular and conventional meaning. In the Macquarie Dictionary an author is defined as the composer of a literary work. The term literary work is commonly used, and has been considered judicially, in relation to copyright laws. The High Court of Australia in Computer Edge Pty Ltd v. Apple Computer Inc. (1986) 161 CLR 171 considered whether the term 'literary work' encompassed a computer program for the purposes of the Copyright Act 1986. The Court decided that a computer program written in source code was a 'literary work' for the purposes of that Act.

4. We accept that a computer program is also a literary work for the purposes of Division 16A of the ITAA. Indeed the Explanatory Memorandum accompanying the Taxation Laws Amendment Act (No 4.) 1987 which inserted Division 16A into the ITAA indicates that the definition of writer in Division 16A was linked to that term as used in the Copyright Act.

5. Accordingly the writer of a computer program qualifies for concessional treatment in respect of income derived from that source unless the provisions of section 158G apply. In general terms, section 158G operates to deny concessional treatment unless:

(a)

an arrangement for the rendering of services was entered into solely for the completion of one or more specified programs; and

(b)

the rendering of the services to the other person or associate does not result in substantial continuity of service.

Examples:

1. A computer programmer is employed (for example employed by a government body or non-government body) and in the course of that employment writes a computer program. The income derived from this source is not subject to concessional treatment under Division 16D because the employment results in the programmer continuing to render services to the employer.

2. A self employed computer programmer is engaged under a contract to write one program. The computer programmer will qualify for concessional treatment, where the rendering of services to the other person or an associate does not result in substantial continuity in the rendering of services .

Commissioner of Taxation
8/4/93

Previously issued as Draft TD 92/D175

References

ATO references:
NO NOR J36/354/5

Related Rulings/Determinations:

IT 131;
IT 150;
IT 151;
IT 334;
IT 2009;
IT 2077

Subject References:
authors;
abnormal income;
averaging;
computer programs;
computer programmers;
copyright;
intellectual property;
literary work;
writers

Legislative References:
ITAA Division 16A of Part III;
ITAA section 158B
ITAA section 158C
ITAA section 158D
ITAA section 158E
ITAA section 158F
ITAA section 158G
ITAA section 158H
ITAA section 158J
ITAA section 158K
ITAA section 158L;
Copyright Act 1968;
Taxation Law Amendement Act (No 4) 1987

Case References:
Computer Edge Pty Ltd v Apple Computer Inc
(1986) 161 CLR 171