Step 1: Estimate unreported tax
Unreported tax consists of the additional tax we would expect to raise if we undertook compliance activity on the portion of the tax base not covered. It arises from incorrectly reported tax returns and has 2 components:
- unreported tax from the lodged population
- unreported tax from the non-lodged population.
We use the REP compliance outcomes to determine the average amendment amount and average rate of amendments. These results are then extrapolated to the whole of the small super funds population to calculate the estimated unreported tax amount.
Step 2: Estimate non-detection
We take the estimated unreported tax from Step 1 and uplift it to account for amounts that are not detected.
Step 3: Calculate the gross gap and net gap
We combine the amounts determined above for amendments, unreported tax, and non-detection with non-pursuable debt to obtain the gross and net tax gaps. The net gap is equal to the gross gap less amendments.
We then add the gross gap to the tax voluntarily paid amount to estimate the theoretical tax liability. We calculate the gap percentages by dividing the gap estimate by the theoretical tax liability.
Summary of the estimation process
Table 3 provides the results at each step of the estimation process for each tax year from 2016–17 to 2021–22.
Step | Description | 2016–17 | 2017–18 | 2018–19 | 2019–20 | 2020–21 | 2021–22 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.1 | Lodged population | 549,538 | 554,485 | 552,442 | 547,479 | 542,210 | 526,455 |
1.2 | Registered population | 557,043 | 554,960 | 556,900 | 560,278 | 567,611 | 579,629 |
1.3 | Voluntary expected collections ($m) | 1,434 | 1,713 | 1,571 | 1,760 | 2,213 | 2,250 |
2.1 | Amendments ($m) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
2.2 | Expected collections ($m) | 1,450 | 1,729 | 1,587 | 1,776 | 2,229 | 2,266 |
3.1 | Unreported tax: lodged ($m) | 10 | 15 | 12 | 16 | 24 | 25 |
3.2 | Unreported tax: not lodged ($m) | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 3.1 | 5.9 | 11.9 |
4 | Non-detection ($m) | 21 | 23 | 22 | 24 | 28 | 28 |
5.1 | Non-pursuable debt ($m) | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
5.2 | Gross gap ($m) | 52 | 59 | 55 | 62 | 77 | 84 |
5.3 | Net gap ($m) | 36 | 43 | 39 | 46 | 61 | 68 |
6.1 | Theoretical liability ($m) | 1,486 | 1,772 | 1,626 | 1,822 | 2,289 | 2,334 |
6.2 | Gross gap (%) | 3.5% | 3.3% | 3.4% | 3.4% | 3.3% | 3.6% |
6.3 | Net gap (%) | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.5% | 2.7% | 2.9% |
Note: The registered population data only includes SMSF population data.
Find out more about our overall methodology, data sources and analysis used for creating our tax gap estimates.
Limitations
Estimating the tax gap for small super funds is difficult, with inherent uncertainty. Tax issues and the tax law are complex and contestable.
Also, our estimates don't account for differences where there are alternative views on tax law interpretation. In these circumstances, differences can exist between reasonably arguable positions presented by us and taxpayers. Non-detection estimates are also extremely challenging to measure.
The current methodology provides an aggregated estimate of the small super funds tax gap. This may allow generalised comparisons with other taxes.
The gap estimate is a lagging measure, as compliance results take several years to flow through. This is due to the complexity of the market and the elapsed time associated with finalising our compliance activities.
The assumptions we use to construct our estimate are informed by actual data and expert opinion.
The following caveats and limitations apply when interpreting this tax gap estimate.
- For funds that we don't audit or review, we assume
- a certain degree of non-compliance with tax law occurs
- the degree of non-compliance in these groups is less than those we do audit or review due to our risk-based approaches to engagement.
- For funds that we do audit or review, we assume
- adjustments to their tax liabilities are representative of the value of non-compliance with tax law
- we don't detect all instances of non-compliance
- adjustments to their tax liabilities from completed audits and reviews are correct at law, at the time of estimation.
Accounting for non-detection in the gap
We account for non-detection by applying an uplift factor to the amendments amount. The uplift factor is based on international rates. The impact of non-detection on the small super funds income tax gap is $28 million in 2021–22.
Updates and revisions to previous estimates
Each tax year we refresh our estimates in line with the annual report. Changes from previously published estimates occur for a variety of reasons, including:
- improvements in methodology
- revisions to data
- additional information becoming available.
We have updated our knowledge of the small super population through a new random enquiry program (REP).
For all years we have updated all data that is reported and known. This includes the registered population, lodged population, amendments, and voluntary tax paid.
The updated REP has allowed us to improve the reliability of our small super gap estimates, leading to an improved rating of medium.
Figure 3: Current and previous small super funds net tax gap estimates, 2014–15 to 2021–22 (Rollover component distinguished)
This data is set out in Table 4 as a percentage.
Year published | 2014–15 | 2015–16 | 2016–17 | 2017–18 | 2018–19 | 2019–20 | 2020-21 | 2021-22 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2024 | NA | 2.6% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.5% | 2.7% | 2.9% |
2023 | NA | 2.9% | 3.4% | 2.2% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 3.1% | n/a |
2022 | 2.1% | 2.6% | 2.9% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 2.1% | n/a | n/a |
2021 | 1.9% | 2.4% | 2.6% | 2.9% | 2.8% | n/a | n/a | n/a |
2020 | 1.6% | 1.8% | 2.4% | 2.5% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
2019 | 1.1% | 1.5% | 2.0% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
2018 | 3.2% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |