Appendixes

Appendix 1. Commercial debt forgiveness

If a commercial debt owed by a company is forgiven during the income year, apply the ’net forgiven amount’ of that debt to reduce the company’s tax losses, net capital losses, certain undeducted revenue or capital expenditure and the cost bases of CGT assets, in that order.

A debt is a commercial debt if any part of the interest payable on the debt is, or would be, an allowable deduction or could have been deducted but for a specific exception provision in the ITAA 1997 (other than the exceptions in subsection 8-1(2) for outgoings of a capital nature, private or domestic outgoings and for outgoings relating to exempt income or non-assessable non-exempt income). Where interest is not payable, a debt is still a commercial debt if interest would have been deductible if interest had been charged. The commercial debt forgiveness rules also apply to a non-equity share issued by a company.

A debt is forgiven if the company’s obligation to pay the debt is released, waived or otherwise extinguished, other than by repaying the debt in full.

A debt is also forgiven if:

• the right to recover it ceases because of the expiry of a limitation period
• a creditor assigns it to an associate of the debtor
• the debtor is a company, and the creditor subscribes to shares in that company
• an agreement is entered into under which the obligation to pay some or all of the debt will end without the debtor incurring any obligation (other than an insignificant obligation).

Calculation of net forgiven amount

Calculate the net forgiven amount as follows:

1. Determine the value of the debt. This is usually the lesser of:            
   • the market value of the debt at the time of forgiveness (assuming the company was solvent at the time the debt was incurred and the company’s capacity to pay the debt has not changed from the time the debt was incurred), and
   • the sum of the market value of the debt at the time the debt was forgiven (based on the above assumptions and assuming that interest rates and currency exchange rates that affect the market value of the debt remain constant from the time the debt was incurred until the forgiveness time), plus any amounts allowable as deductions because of the forgiveness of the debt that are attributable to changes in those interest rates and currency exchange rates. This might occur because of a decrease in the value of the debt due to market movements. Special rules apply in calculating the value of non-recourse debt and assigned debt; see sections 245-60 and 245-61 of the ITAA 1997.
    
2. Calculate the gross forgiven amount of the debt by subtracting from the value of the debt certain amounts paid or given in respect of the forgiveness; see section 245-65 of the ITAA 1997.
3. Work out the net forgiven amount by subtracting from the gross forgiven amount any amount:            
   • which has been, or will be, included in the company’s assessable income for any income year as a result of the forgiveness of the debt
   • by which a deduction otherwise allowable to the company has been, or will be, reduced as a result of the forgiveness of the debt, except for a reduction under Division 727 of the ITAA 1997 (which is about indirect value shifting), and
   • by which the cost base of any CGT assets of the company has been, or will be, reduced as a result of the forgiveness of the debt under the CGT provisions of the ITAA 1997.
     
    
4. For intra-group debt only (where the debtor company and the creditor company are under common ownership throughout the term of the debt), the companies may enter into an agreement whereby the creditor company agrees to forgo its entitlement to a specified amount of a capital loss, or to a deduction for a bad debt, that would otherwise have arisen from the creditor forgiving the debt in the forgiveness income year. If such an agreement is made, reduce the creditor’s capital loss or the deduction otherwise allowable to the creditor, to the extent of the amount agreed on, up to the amount left after 3 above. For the debtor company, reduce the amount remaining after 3 above by the same amount.
5. The amount remaining (if any) is the net forgiven amount of the debt. Add the net forgiven amount of each debt forgiven during the income year to arrive at the total net forgiven amount for the income year.

Application of total net forgiven amount

Apply this total net forgiven amount to reduce the amounts the company has in the following categories, in the order listed:

• tax losses
• net capital losses
• certain expenditures, and
• cost bases of certain CGT assets.

Within each category, the company may choose the item against which the total net forgiven amount is applied, provided it is applied to the maximum extent possible within that category. Once the total net forgiven amount is applied against all the amounts in a category, apply any excess against the next category in the above order. If there is an excess remaining after applying the amount against all categories, disregard this excess.

Tax losses

These are tax losses from an earlier income year and undeducted at the beginning of the forgiveness income year.

Net capital losses

These are unapplied net capital losses that were made in income years before the forgiveness income year and that could be applied in working out the debtor’s net capital gain in the forgiveness income year, assuming that the company had sufficient capital gains.

Expenditures

Expenditures against which the total net forgiven amount can be applied are limited to those incurred by the company before the forgiveness income year which remain undeducted but which, on conditions prevailing at the beginning of the forgiveness income year, would be deductible in that year or future income years. Expenditures mean:

• expenditure deductible under Division 40 of the ITAA 1997 (uniform capital allowances)
• expenditure incurred in borrowing money to produce assessable income under section 25-25 of the ITAA 1997
• expenditure on scientific research
• R&D expenditure deductible under Division 355 of the ITAA 1997
• advance revenue expenditure
• expenditure on acquiring a unit of industrial property to produce assessable income
• expenditure on Australian films
• expenditure on assessable income-producing buildings and other capital works under section 43-10 of the ITAA 1997.

There are two principal methods for reducing expenditures:

• If the deduction is calculated as a percentage of a base amount (for example, deductions for the decline in value of depreciating assets calculated under the prime cost method), make the reduction to the base amount. The effect is that deductions allowable in the forgiveness income year and later income years are reduced. The total amount of deductions allowable is limited to the reduced base amount. The amount of the reduction is treated as if it had been a deduction when calculating any required balancing adjustment amount.
• If the deduction for a particular expenditure is a percentage, fraction or proportion of an amount worked out after taking into account any deductions for the expenditure previously allowed to the partnership (for example, deductions for the decline in value of depreciating assets calculated under the diminishing value method), the forgiven amount is taken to have been allowed as a deduction before the forgiveness income year.
• If any deductions are disallowed under the ITAA 1936 or the ITAA 1997 as a result of recouping an amount of expenditure, the recouped expenditure against which the total net forgiven amount was previously reduced is included in the assessable income in the year it is recouped.

Cost bases of certain CGT assets

The cost bases and reduced cost bases of certain CGT assets owned by the company at the beginning of the forgiveness income year are reduced by the total net forgiven amount remaining after reducing the expenditures (see above). These are assets where a capital gain or capital loss might arise on a CGT event occurring, such as disposal of the assets.

Assets whose cost bases are not subject to reduction include those for which a capital gain or capital loss will not arise or is unlikely to arise if a CGT event happens to them, for example, CGT assets acquired before 20 September 1985, trading stock or a personal use asset within the meaning of section 108-20 of the ITAA 1997. Also excluded are CGT assets whose cost is deductible, such as depreciating assets.

The company may choose the CGT assets whose cost bases and reduced cost bases are to be reduced and the extent of that reduction. However, the cost base of CGT assets that constitute investments in associates of the company must be reduced last.

If a company chooses to apply an amount to reduce either the cost base or the reduced cost base of a CGT asset, then at any time on or after the beginning of the forgiveness income year, the cost base and reduced cost base) of each relevant CGT asset is taken to be reduced by that amount.

Ordinarily, the reduction of a CGT asset’s cost base and reduced cost base cannot exceed the amount that would have been the reduced cost base of the asset, calculated as if the asset was disposed of at market value on the first day of the forgiveness income year. However, a special rule applies (see subsection 245-190(3) of the ITAA 1997) if an event occurred after the beginning of the forgiveness income year that would cause the reduced cost base of the asset to be reduced.

The reduction of the cost base and reduced cost base of a CGT asset affects the calculation of the amount of the capital gain or capital loss on a CGT event happening to the nominated reducible CGT asset, because the cost base or reduced cost base that is taken into account in determining the capital gain or capital loss must reflect that reduction.

Appendix 2. Capital works deductions

Division 43 of the ITAA 1997 provides for a system of deducting capital expenditure incurred in the construction of buildings and other capital works used to produce assessable income.

Capital works

You can deduct construction costs for the following capital works:

• buildings or extensions, alterations or improvements to a building
• structural improvements or extensions, alterations or improvements to structural improvements
• environmental protection earthworks; see appendix 6.

Deductions for construction costs and structural improvements must be based on actual costs incurred. If it is not possible to genuinely determine the actual costs, obtain an estimate by a quantity surveyor or other independent qualified person. The costs incurred by the company for the provision of this estimate are deductible as a tax-related expense, not as an expense in gaining or producing assessable income.

Different deduction rates apply (2.5% or 4%) depending on the date on which construction began, the type of capital works, and the manner of use.

Who can claim?

The company can claim a deduction under Division 43 for an income year only if it:

• owns, leases or holds part of a construction expenditure area of capital works (‘your area’)
• incurred the construction expenditure or is an assignee of the lessee or holder who incurred the expense, and
• uses ‘your area’ to produce assessable income or in some cases for carrying on R&D activities.

In calculating the company’s deductions, identify ‘your area’ for each construction expenditure area of the capital works. Your area may comprise the whole of the construction area or part of it.

There are special rules that qualify the use of the capital works for R&D activities. The R&D activities must be conducted in connection with a business carried on for the purposes of producing assessable income and be registered under section 27A of the Industry Research and Development Act 1986 for an income year.

Lessee or holder of capital works

A lessee or holder can claim a deduction for an area leased or held under a quasi-ownership right. To claim a deduction the lessee or holder must have:

• incurred the construction expenditure or be an assignee of the lessee or holder who incurred the expenditure
• continuously leased or held the capital works area itself, or leased or held the area that had been so held by previous lessees, holders or assignees since completion of construction, and
• used the area to produce assessable income, or in some cases for carrying on R&D activities.

If there is a lapse in the lease, the entitlement to the deduction reverts to the building owner.

Requirement for deductibility

The company can deduct an amount for capital works in an income year if:

• the capital works have a ‘construction expenditure area’
• there is a ‘pool of construction expenditure’ for that area, and
• the company uses the area in the income year to produce assessable income or for carrying on R&D activities in the way set out in section 43-140 of the ITAA 1997.

No deduction until construction is complete

The company cannot claim a deduction for any period before the completion of construction of the capital works even though the company used them, or part of them, before completion. Additionally, the deduction cannot exceed the undeducted construction expenditure for your area.

Capital works are taken to have begun when the first step in the construction phase starts; for example, pouring foundations or sinking pilings for a building.

Establishing the deduction base

You can deduct expenditure for the construction of capital works if there is a construction expenditure area for the capital works. Whether there is a construction expenditure area for the capital works and how it is identified depends on the following factors:

• the type of expenditure incurred
• the time the capital works commenced
• the area of the capital works to be owned, leased or held by the entity that incurred the expenditure
• for capital works begun before 1 July 1997, the area of the capital works that was used in a particular manner, see section 43-90 of the ITAA 1997.

Construction expenditure

Expenses incurred on construction include:

• preliminary expenses, such as an architect’s fees, engineering fees, foundation excavation expenses and costs of building permits
• costs of structural features that are an integral part of the income-producing building or income-producing structural improvements; for example, lift wells and atriums
• some portion of indirect costs.

For an owner/builder entitled to a deduction under Division 43 of the ITAA 1997, the value of the owner/builder’s contributions to the works (labour or expertise and any notional profit element) do not form part of construction expenditure.

See also:

• Taxation Ruling TR 97/25 and 97/25A Addendum – Income tax: property development: deduction for capital expenditure on construction of income producing capital works, including buildings and structural improvements.

Construction expenditure does not include expenditure on:

• acquiring land
• demolishing existing structures
• clearing, levelling, filling, draining or otherwise preparing the construction site before carrying out excavation work
• landscaping
• plant
• property or expenditure for which a deduction is allowable, or would be allowable if the property were for use for the purpose of producing assessable income, under another specified provision of the ITAA 1936 or the ITAA 1997.

Construction expenditure area

The construction of the capital works must be complete before the construction expenditure area is determined. A separate construction expenditure area is created each time an entity undertakes the construction of capital works.

For construction expenditure incurred before 1 July 1997, the capital works must have been constructed for a specified use at the time of completion, depending on the time when the capital works commenced. The first specified use construction time was 22 August 1979; see section 43-90 and section 43-75(2) of the ITAA 1997.

Pool of construction expenditure

The pool of construction expenditure is the portion of the construction expenditure incurred by an entity on capital works, which is attributable to the construction expenditure area.

Deductible use

The company can only obtain a deduction under Division 43 if it uses your area in a way described in table 43-140 or 43-145 of Subdivision 43-D of the ITAA 1997.

Special rules about uses

Your area is taken to be used for a particular purpose or manner if:

• it is maintained ready for that use and is not used for another purpose, and its use has not been abandoned, or
• its use has temporarily ceased because of construction or repairs, or for seasonal or climatic conditions.

Your area is not accepted as being used to produce assessable income:

• if it is a building (other than a hotel or apartment building) used or for use wholly or mainly for exhibition or display in connection with the sale of all or part of any building, where construction began after 17 July 1985 but before 1 July 1997. If construction began after 30 June 1997, buildings that are used for display are eligible
• if it is a building (other than a hotel or apartment building) where construction began after 19 July 1982 and before 18 July 1985 and it is used wholly or mainly for:            
  • or in association with, residential accommodation, and is not a hotel or apartment building, or
  • exhibition or display in connection with the sale of all or part of any building, or the lease of all or any part of any building for use wholly or mainly for, or in association with, residential accommodation and is not a hotel or apartment building or an extension, alteration or improvement to such a building
   
• to the extent that the company or an associate uses part of it for residential accommodation and it is not a hotel or apartment building, for exceptions to this rule, see subsection 43-170(2) of the ITAA 1997.

Your area is taken to be used wholly or mainly as, or in association with residential accommodation if it is:

• part of an individual’s home, other than a hotel or apartment building
• a building (other than a hotel or apartment building) where construction began after 19 July 1982 and before 18 July 1985, and used as a hotel, motel or guest house.

Special rules for hotels and apartments are contained in section 43-180 of the ITAA 1997.

Calculation and rate of deduction

The company’s entitlement to a deduction begins on the date the building is first used to produce assessable income after construction is completed. The first and last years of use may be apportioned. The entitlement to a deduction runs for either 25 or 40 years (the limitation period) depending on the rate of deduction applicable.

The legislation contains two calculation provisions:

• section 43-210 of the ITAA 1997 deals with the deduction for capital works that began after 26 February 1992
• section 43-215 of the ITAA 1997 deals with deductions for capital works that began before 27 February 1992.

Capital works begun before 27 February 1992 and used as described in table 43-140

Calculate the deduction separately for each part that meets the description of your area.

Multiply the company’s construction expenditure by the applicable rate (either 4% if the capital works were begun after 21 August 1984 and before 16 September 1987 or 2.5% in any other case) and by the number of days in the income year for which the company owned, leased or held your area and used it in a relevant way. Divide that amount by the number of days in the year.

Apportion the amount if your area is used only partly to produce assessable income or for carrying on R&D activities.

The amount the company claims cannot exceed the undeducted construction expenditure.

Capital works begun after 26 February 1992

Calculate the deduction separately for each part of capital works that meets the description of your area.

There is a basic entitlement to a rate of 2.5% for parts used as described in table 43-140: Current year use. The rate increases to 4% for parts used as described in table 43-145: Use in the 4% manner.

Undeducted construction expenditure

The undeducted construction expenditure for your area is the part of the company’s construction expenditure it has left to write off. It is used to work out:

the number of years in which the company can deduct amounts for the company’s construction expenditure

the amount that the company can deduct under section 43-40 of the ITAA 1997 if your area or a part of it is destroyed.

Balancing deduction on destruction

If a building is destroyed or damaged during an income year, you can claim a deduction for the remaining amount of undeducted construction expenditure that has not yet been deducted, less any compensation received. If the destruction or demolition is voluntary, the entitlement to a deduction is unaffected.

You can claim the deduction in the income year in which the destruction occurs.

The deduction is reduced if the capital works are used in an income year only partly for the purpose of producing assessable income or for carrying on R&D activities.

For guidelines issued by the Commissioner on these measures, see Taxation Ruling TR 97/25 and 97/25A Addendum.

Appendix 3. Thin capitalisation

The thin capitalisation provisions reduce certain deductions (called debt deductions) incurred in obtaining and servicing debt if the debt used to finance the Australian operations of a company exceeds the limits set out in Division 820 of the ITAA 1997. These rules ensure that entities fund their Australian operations with an appropriate amount of equity.

The rules apply to a range of situations. Where in a given year, you are not affected by the rules, answer no to question 27.

Do the thin capitalisation rules apply?

Australia’s thin capitalisation rules apply to:

• Australian entities with certain overseas operations, and their associate entities
• Australian entities that are foreign controlled
• foreign entities with operations or investments in Australia that are claiming debt deductions.

The thin capitalisation rules may apply to a company if the company:

• is an Australian resident company and either            
  • the company, or any of its associate entities, is an Australian controller of a foreign entity or carries on business overseas at or through a PE, or
  • the company is foreign controlled, either directly or indirectly
   
• is a foreign resident company and carries on business in Australia at or through a PE or otherwise has assets that produce assessable income in Australia.

Entities that are not affected by the rules

For any given income year, the following entities are not affected by thin capitalisation rules:

• an entity that does not incur debt deductions for the income year
• an entity whose debt deductions, together with those of any associate entities, are $2 million or less for the income year
• an Australian resident entity that is neither an inward investing entity nor an outward investor
• a foreign entity that has no investment or presence in Australia
• an outward investor that is not also foreign controlled and meets the assets threshold test. This is explained further in section 820-37.

Certain special purpose entities are also excluded, where all of the following apply:

• the entity is established for the purposes of managing some or all of the economic risk associated with assets, liabilities or investments
• at least 50% of its assets are funded by debt interests
• the entity is an insolvency remote special purpose entity according to the criteria of an internationally recognised rating agency that are applicable to the entity’s circumstances. That entity does not have to have been rated by a rating agency.

Where several large entities are taken to be a single, notional entity, any one of those entities can still meet this exception provided that all the entities taken together would meet the above conditions. The entity will only be exempted from the thin capitalisation rules for the period that it meets all of the above conditions.

See the Guide to thin capitalisation for more information. This explains what certain terms mean for thin capitalisation purposes, such as control, associated entities, debt deductions and asset threshold test. For example, the rules regarding ‘control’ take into account both direct and indirect interests that the company holds in the other entity (or vice versa), and the direct and indirect interests that associate entities of the company hold in the other entity.

What if the thin capitalisation rules affect you this year?

If the thin capitalisation rules affect you, print Y for yes at item 27 Thin capitalisation. In addition, complete the International dealings schedule 2016.

The International dealings schedule is available through the electronic lodgment service (ELS), Standard Business Reporting (SBR), or complete and lodge the paper schedule.

What if the thin capitalisation rules are breached?

If the thin capitalisation rules are breached, some of the company’s debt deductions may be denied. Include the amount denied at W Non-deductible expenses item 7.

Appendix 4. Taxation treatment of pooled development funds and investors

How pooled development funds (PDFs) are taxed

A PDF is a company that is registered as a PDF and provides development capital to small and medium sized companies. The PDF regime was closed to new applications for registration as a PDF from 21 June 2007.

If a company was registered as a PDF part way through an income year and is still a PDF at the end of the income year, it is taxed as a PDF for the period from the date of registration to the end of the income year as if that period were an income year. The taxable income in the pre-PDF period is taxed at the rate of 30%.

If a company ceases to be a PDF part way through an income year, it is taxed as an ordinary company for the whole year; that is, taxable income is taxed at the rate of 30%.

The SME income component of the PDF’s taxable income is taxed at the rate of 15%. The SME component is the company’s SME assessable income less any deductions allowable to the company for the year, whether they relate to SME assessable income or not. If the available deductions exceed the amount of SME assessable income, the excess may be applied against the unregulated investment component of the company’s taxable income.

SME assessable income is income derived from, or from the disposal of, an SME investment and includes amounts that would otherwise be capital gains. An SME investment is not an unregulated investment which is an investment by way of a loan to, deposit with or debenture of a bank, or a deposit with an authorised money market dealer.

The unregulated investment component of the PDF’s taxable income is worked out by deducting the company’s SME income component from its taxable income for the year. The amount (if any) remaining is the company’s unregulated investment component. The unregulated investment component is taxed at the rate of 25%.

Imputation

PDFs generate franking credits in the same way as other companies, mainly from the payment of income tax and from the receipt of franked distributions. The franking credit that arises is the tax paid (at the relevant rate applicable to the taxable income of PDFs, not at the company tax rate).

PDFs make franked distributions in the same manner as other companies.

The PDF obtains venture capital credits from the payment of income tax reasonably attributable to capital gains from venture capital investments; that is, SME investments made in accordance with the Pooled Development Funds Act 1992. If a PDF keeps a record of its venture capital sub-account, it can make distributions franked with venture capital credits.

If a PDF over-distributes venture capital credits during the income year, it incurs a liability to venture capital deficit tax.

Tax offset for franking credits

A PDF that receives a franked distribution must include the distribution and the franking credit attached to the distribution in its assessable income. The PDF is then entitled to a tax offset equal to the amount of franking credits included in its assessable income. This is the gross-up and tax offset rule.

Losses

Deductions for PDF tax losses are allowable only in an income year in which the company is a PDF throughout that income year.

PDF tax losses cannot be transferred to other companies in the same group.

Non-PDF tax losses incurred before the company became a PDF that are not recouped while the company is a PDF continue to be deductible after the company ceases to be a PDF.

Capital losses incurred while the company is a PDF are not deductible from capital gains accruing to the company after it ceases to be a PDF.

How PDF shareholders are taxed

Unfranked PDF distributions and the unfranked part of a franked distribution are exempt from tax.

The franked part of a PDF distribution is also exempt from income tax unless the shareholder elects to be taxed on it. The election is made by including the distribution (and franking credit) in assessable income. The election will apply to all franked PDF distributions derived during the income year. A corporate shareholder who receives a franked PDF distribution and who elects to include the distribution in assessable income will receive a franking credit equal to the franking credit attached to the distribution.

Special rules apply to PDF distributions franked with venture capital credits that are paid to complying superannuation funds, pooled superannuation trusts and like entities. Such entities are also entitled to a venture capital tax offset and the relevant part of the distribution is also exempt income.

The costs associated with borrowing to purchase PDF shares are not deductible to the extent the distributions are exempt from tax.

Non-resident PDF shareholders are exempt from withholding tax on PDF distributions.

PDF shares are not trading stock.

Income from selling shares in a company that is a PDF at the time of sale is exempt from income tax. Any capital gains or capital losses from the disposal of PDF shares are disregarded.

Appendix 6. Uniform capital allowances

The following concepts relevant to the UCA system are referred to in this appendix:

• balancing adjustment amounts
• deduction for decline in value of depreciating assets
• deduction for environmental protection expenses
• deduction for project pool
• electricity connections and telephone lines
• hire-purchase agreements
• landcare operations and decline in value of water facility, fencing asset and fodder storage asset
• loss on the sale of a depreciating asset
• luxury car leases
• profit on the sale of a depreciating asset
• section 40-880 deduction
• the TOFA rules and UCA.

See also:

• Guide to depreciating assets 2016.

Small business entities

Eligible small business entities that choose to use the simplified depreciation rules calculate deductions for most of their depreciating assets under the specific small business entity depreciation rules.

Balancing adjustment amounts

If the company ceases to hold or to use a depreciating asset, a balancing adjustment event occurs. Calculate a balancing adjustment amount to include in the company’s assessable income or to claim as a deduction.

Include the assessable balancing adjustment amount for all assets at B Other assessable income item 7. (Assessable balancing adjustment amounts for assets used in R&D activities are required to be uplifted prior to being included at B Other assessable income item 7.

Include the deductible balancing adjustment amount for non-R&D assets at X Other deductible expenses item 7.

Balancing adjustment loss amounts for assets used only for R&D activities subject to the R&D tax incentive are taken into account in part A of the Research and development tax incentive schedule 2016 and also as part of calculating an R&D tax offset amount at item 21.

Balancing adjustment losses for assets used on R&D and non-R&D activities are uplifted under sections 40-292 or 40-293 of the ITAA 1997 and included at X Other deductible expenses item 7, if the company is otherwise eligible for an R&D tax offset under section 355-100 of the ITAA 1997. If the company is not otherwise eligible for an R&D tax offset under section 355-100 of the ITAA 1997, the balancing adjustment losses for assets used on R&D and non-R&D activities, as calculated under section 40-285 of the ITAA 1997, is included at X Other deductible expenses item 7 and claimed at 100%.

If the asset was used for both taxable and non-taxable purposes, reduce the balancing adjustment amount by the amount attributable to the non-taxable use. A capital gain or capital loss may arise for the amount attributable to that non-taxable use. This capital gain or capital loss is included in calculating the net capital gain or net capital loss for the income year.

Include any profit or loss on the sale of a depreciating asset that has been included in the accounts of the company at either R Other gross income item 6 or S All other expenses item 6. See Profit on the sale of a depreciating asset or Loss on the sale of a depreciating asset.

If you have elected to use the hedging tax-timing method provided for in the TOFA rules and you have a gain or loss from a hedging financial arrangement used to hedge risks for a depreciating asset, work out separately:

• the balancing adjustment assessable or deductible amount (include this at either B Other assessable income item 7 or X Other deductible expenses item 7 as appropriate), and
• the gain or loss on the hedging financial arrangement under the TOFA rules that has not yet been assessed or deducted (include this at E TOFA income from financial arrangements not included in item 6 item 7 or W TOFA deductions from financial arrangements not included in item 6 item 7 as appropriate).

If a balancing adjustment event occurred to a depreciating asset of the company during the income year, you may also need to include an amount at H Termination value of intangible depreciating assets item 9 or at I Termination value of other depreciating assets item 9.

Deduction for decline in value of depreciating assets

The decline in value of a depreciating asset is generally worked out using either the prime cost or diminishing value method. Both methods are based on the effective life of an asset. For most depreciating assets, the company can choose whether to self-assess the effective life or adopt the Commissioner’s determination that can be found in Taxation Ruling ATO ID 2002/180 – Income tax: effective life of depreciating assets.

The company can deduct an amount equal to the decline in value for an income year of a depreciating asset for the period that it holds the asset during that year. However, the deduction is reduced to the extent the company uses the asset or has it installed ready for use other than for a taxable purpose.

The decline in value of a depreciating asset costing $300 or less is its cost (but only to the extent the asset is used for a taxable purpose) if the asset satisfies all of the following requirements:

• It is used predominantly for the purpose of producing assessable income that is not income from carrying on a business.
• It is not part of a set of assets acquired in the same income year that costs more than $300.
• It is not one of any number of substantially identical items acquired in the same income year that together cost more than $300.

Certain assets that cost less than $1,000 or that have an opening adjustable value of less than $1,000 can be allocated to a low-value pool to calculate the decline in value. Assets eligible for the immediate deduction cannot be allocated to a low-value pool.

To work out the deduction for decline in value of most depreciating assets use worksheets 1 and 2 in the Guide to depreciating assets 2016.

Deduction for environmental protection expenses

The company can deduct expenditure to the extent that it incurs it for the sole or dominant purpose of carrying on environmental protection activities (EPA). EPA are activities undertaken to prevent, fight or remedy pollution or to treat, clean up, remove or store waste from the company’s earning activity. The company’s earning activity is one it carried on, carries on or proposes to carry on for the purpose of:

• producing assessable income (other than a net capital gain)
• exploration or prospecting, or
• mining site rehabilitation.

The company may also claim a deduction for cleaning up a site on which a predecessor carried on substantially the same business activity.

The deduction is not available for:

• EPA bonds and security deposits
• expenditure for acquiring land
• expenditure for constructing or altering buildings, structures or structural improvements
• expenditure to the extent that the company can deduct an amount for it under another provision.

Expenditure that forms part of the cost of a depreciating asset is not expenditure on EPA.

Expenditure incurred on or after 19 August 1992 on certain earthworks constructed as a result of carrying out EPA can be written off at the rate of 2.5% a year under the provisions for capital works expenditure.

Expenditure on an environmental impact assessment of a project of the company is not deductible as expenditure on EPA. If it is capital expenditure directly connected with a project, it could be a project amount for which a deduction would be available over the life of the project; see Deduction for project pools.

If the deduction arises from a non-arm’s length transaction and the expenditure is more than the market value of what it was for, the amount of the expenditure is taken instead to be that market value.

Any recoupment of the expenditure is assessable income.

Deduction for project pools

Certain capital expenditure incurred after 30 June 2001 that is directly connected with a project carried on or proposed to be carried on for a taxable purpose can be allocated to a project pool and written off over the project life. Each project has a separate project pool.

The project must be of sufficient substance and be sufficiently identified that it can be shown that the capital expenditure said to be a ‘project amount’ is directly connected with the project.

A project is carried on if it involves a continuity of activity and active participation. Merely holding a passive investment such as a rental property would not be regarded as carrying on a project.

For more information, see Taxation Ruling TR 2005/4 – Income tax: capital allowances – project pools – core issues.

The capital expenditure, known as a project amount, must be expenditure incurred:

• to create or upgrade community infrastructure for a community associated with the project, this expenditure must be paid (not just incurred) to be regarded as a project amount
• for site preparation for depreciating assets (other than in draining swamp or low-lying land or in clearing land for horticultural plants including grapevines)
• for feasibility studies for the project
• for environmental assessments for the project
• to obtain information associated with the project
• in seeking to obtain a right to intellectual property
• for ornamental trees or shrubs.

Project amounts also include mining capital expenditure and transport capital expenditure.

The expenditure must not otherwise be deductible or form part of the cost of a depreciating asset.

If the expenditure incurred arises from a non-arm’s length dealing and is more than the market value of what it was for, the amount of the expenditure is taken to be that market value.

The deduction for project amounts allocated to a project pool commences when the project starts to operate.

If your project pool contains only project amounts incurred on or after 10 May 2006 and the project starts to operate on or after that date, your deduction is calculated as follows:

• (Pool value x 200%) divided by DV project pool life

In some circumstances, a post 9 May 2006 project may be taken to have started to operate before 10 May 2006. This would occur, for example, if the company abandoned a project and then restarted it on or after 10 May 2006 in an attempt to enable it to claim deductions in accordance with the above formula.

For other project pools, the deduction is calculated using the following formula:

• (Pool value x 150%) divided by DV project pool life

The ‘DV project pool life’ is the project life or, if that life has been recalculated, the most recently recalculated project life. The project life is determined by estimating how long (in years and fractions of years) it will be from when the project starts to operate until it stops operating. Generally, a project starts to operate when the activities that will produce assessable income start. The project life is estimated from the company’s perspective, having regard to factors which are outside the company’s control.

See also:

• TR 2005/4.

The ‘pool value’ for an income year at a particular time is broadly the sum of the project amounts allocated to the pool up to the end of that year less the sum of the deductions the company has claimed for the project pool in previous years or could have claimed had the project operated wholly for a taxable purpose.

The pool value can be subject to adjustments.

If the company is or becomes entitled to a GST input tax credit for expenditure allocated to a project pool, the pool value is reduced by the amount of the credit. Certain increasing or decreasing adjustments for expenditure allocated to a project pool will also require an adjustment to the pool value.

If during any income year commencing after 30 June 2003 the company ceased to have an obligation to pay foreign currency and the obligation was incurred as a project amount allocated to a project pool, a foreign currency gain or loss (referred to as a forex realisation gain or loss) may have arisen under the forex provisions. If the amount was incurred after 30 June 2003 (or earlier, if so elected) and became due for payment within 12 months after it was incurred, then (unless elected otherwise, see below) the pool value for the income year in which the amount was incurred is increased by any forex realisation loss and decreased by any forex realisation gain. However, if a forex realisation gain exceeds the pool value, the pool value is reduced to zero and the excess gain is assessable income. If the company elected that this treatment should not apply, any forex realisation gain will be assessable and any forex realisation loss will be deductible.

The deduction for a project pool cannot be more than the amount of the pool value for that income year.

There is no need to apportion the deduction if the project starts to operate during the income year or for project amounts incurred during the year. However, the deduction is reduced to the extent to which the project is operated for other than a taxable purpose during the income year.

If the project is abandoned, sold or otherwise disposed of, the company can deduct the sum of the closing pool value of the prior income year (if any) plus any project amounts allocated to the pool during the income year, after allowing for any necessary pool value adjustments. A project is abandoned if it stops operating and will not operate again.

Any amount received for the abandonment, sale or other disposal of a project is assessable.

If an amount of expenditure allocated to a project pool is recouped or if the company derives a capital amount for a project amount or something on which a project amount was expended, the amount must be included in assessable income.

If any receipt arises from a non-arm’s length dealing and the amount is less than the market value of what it was for, the amount received is taken to be that market value.

Electricity connections and telephone lines

A deduction can be claimed by the company over 10 years for capital expenditure incurred in connecting:

• mains electricity to land on which a business is carried on or in upgrading an existing connection to that land, or
• a telephone line to land being used to carry on a primary production business.

Include the deduction at X Other deductible expenses item 7. If you have included the expenditure as an expense at item 6 Calculation of total profit or loss, also include the expenditure at W Non-deductible expenses item 7.

Include any recoupment of the expenditure in assessable income at B Other assessable income item 7 if you have not included it at R Other gross income item 6.

Hire-purchase agreements

Hire-purchase and instalment sale agreements of goods are treated as a sale of the property by the financier (or hire-purchase company) to the hirer (or instalment purchaser).

The sale is treated as being financed by a loan from the financier to the hirer at a sale price of either their agreed cost or value or the property’s arm’s length value. The periodic hire-purchase (or instalment) payments are treated as payments of principal and interest under the notional loan. The hirer can deduct the interest component subject to any reduction required under the thin capitalisation rules.

In relation to the notional sale, the hirer of a depreciating asset is treated as the holder of the asset and is entitled to claim a deduction for the decline in value. The cost of the asset for this purpose is generally taken to be the agreed cost or value, or the arm’s length value if the dealing is not at arm’s length.

If the company has included hire-purchase charges at any label at item 6 Calculation of total profit or loss, include the amount at W Non-deductible expenses item 7.

Include the deduction for the decline in value of the goods at F Deduction for decline in value of depreciating assets item 7. Include the interest component at X Other deductible expenses item 7.

Landcare operations and decline in value of water facility, fencing asset and fodder storage asset

Landcare operations

The company can claim a deduction in the year it incurs capital expenditure on a landcare operation for land in Australia.

Unless the company is a rural land irrigation water provider, the deduction is available to the extent the company uses the land for either:

• a primary production business, or
• in the case of rural land, carrying on a business for a taxable purpose from the use of that land, except a business of mining or quarrying.

The company may claim the deduction even if it is only a lessee of the land.

The deduction is also available to rural land irrigation water providers, that is, to entities whose business is primarily and principally the supply of water (other than by using a motor vehicle) to entities for use in primary production businesses on land in Australia or to businesses (other than mining or quarrying businesses) using rural land in Australia.

If the company is a rural land irrigation water provider, it can claim a deduction for capital expenditure it incurs on a landcare operation for:

land in Australia that other entities (being entities supplied with water by the company) use at the time for carrying on primary production businesses, or

rural land in Australia that other entities (being entities supplied with water by the company) use at the time for carrying on businesses for a taxable purpose from the use of that land (except a business of mining or quarrying).

A rural land irrigation water provider’s deduction is reduced by a reasonable amount to reflect an entity’s use of the land for other than a taxable purpose after the water provider incurred the expenditure.

A landcare operation is one of the following operations:

• eradicating or exterminating animal pests from the land
• eradicating, exterminating or destroying plant growth detrimental to the land
• preventing or combating land degradation other than by erecting fences
• erecting fences to keep out animals from areas affected by land degradation to prevent or limit further damage and to help reclaim the areas
• erecting fences to separate different land classes in accordance with an approved land management plan
• constructing a levee or similar improvement
• constructing drainage works (other than the draining of swamps or low-lying areas) to control salinity or assist in drainage control
• an alteration, addition, extension, or repair of a capital nature to an asset described in the fourth to seventh dot  oints, or an extension of an operation described in the first three dot points
• a structural improvement, or an alteration, addition, extension or repair of a capital nature to a structural improvement, that is reasonably incidental to levees or drainage works deductible under a landcare operation.

You cannot claim a deduction if the capital expenditure is on plant unless it is on certain fences, dams or other structural improvements.

Any recoupment of the expenditure would be assessable income.

Water facilities

The company may be entitled to claim a deduction for capital expenditure it incurs on a water facility if it is a primary producer or an irrigation water provider (for expenditure incurred on or after 1 July 2004). If the company incurred the expenditure from 7.30pm (AEST), 12 May 2015 it can deduct the full amount in the year it incurred the expenditure. If the company incurred the expenditure before this time, it can deduct one-third of the amount in the income year in which it incurred the expenditure, and one-third in each of the following two years.

A water facility is plant or a structural improvement that is primarily or principally for the purpose of conserving or conveying water, or a structural improvement that is reasonably incidental to conserving or conveying water. It also includes a repair of a capital nature, or an alteration, addition or extension, to that plant or structural improvement. Examples of water facilities include dams, tanks, tank stands, bores, wells, irrigation channels or similar improvements, pipes, pumps, water towers, and windmills.

Unless the company is an irrigation water provider, the expenditure must be incurred by the company primarily and principally for conserving or conveying water for use in its primary production business on land in Australia. The company may claim the deduction even if it is only a lessee of the land.

The deduction is reduced if the facility is not wholly used for either:

• carrying on a primary production business on land in Australia, or
• a taxable purpose.

The deduction for water facilities is also available to irrigation water providers, that is, to entities whose business is primarily and principally the supply (other than by using a motor vehicle) of water to other entities for use in a primary production business on land in Australia.

If the company is an irrigation water provider, it must incur the expenditure on the water facility primarily and principally for conserving or conveying water for use in primary production businesses conducted by other entities on land in Australia, being entities supplied with water by the company. The company’s deduction is reduced if the water facility is not wholly used for a taxable purpose.

Fencing assets

The company may be entitled to claim a deduction for capital expenditure it incurs on fencing assets. If the company incurred the expenditure from 7.30pm (AEST), 12 May 2015 it can deduct the full amount in the year it incurred the expenditure. If the company incurred the expenditure before this time - or if the expenditure relates to a stockyard, pen or portable fence –the company can deduct an amount for the asset’s decline in value based on its effective life.

A fencing asset includes a structural improvement, a repair of a capital nature, or an alteration, addition or extension, to a fence. The expenditure must be incurred by you on the construction, manufacture, installation or acquisition of a fencing asset that is used primarily and principally in a primary production business you conduct on land in Australia. The company may claim the deduction even if it is only a lessee of the land.

The deduction is reduced where the fencing asset is not wholly used for either:

• carrying on a primary production business on land in Australia, or
• a taxable purpose.

Fodder storage assets

The company can claim a deduction for the capital expenditure it incurs on fodder storage assets. If the company incurred the expenditure from 7.30pm (AEST), 12 May 2015 it can deduct one-third of the amount in the income year in which the company incurred it, and one-third in each of the following two years. If the company incurred the expenditure before this time, the company can deduct an amount for the asset’s decline in value based on its effective life.

A fodder storage asset is an asset that is primarily and principally for the purpose of storing fodder. It includes a structural improvement, a repair of a capital nature, or an alteration, addition or extension, to an asset or structural improvement, that is primarily and principally for the purpose of storing fodder.

The term 'fodder' refers to food for livestock, usually but not exclusively dried, such as grain, hay or silage. Fodder can include liquid feed and supplements. Examples of typical fodder storage assets include:

• silos
• liquid feed supplement storage tanks
• bins for storing dried grain
• hay sheds
• grain storage sheds, and
• above-ground bunkers.

The expenditure must be incurred by the company on the construction, manufacture, installation or acquisition of a fodder storage asset that is used primarily and principally in a primary production business it conducts on land in Australia. The company may claim the deduction even if it is only a lessee of the land.

The deduction is reduced where the fodder storage asset is not wholly used for either:

• carrying on a primary production business on land in Australia, or
• a taxable purpose.

Loss on the sale of a depreciating asset

Any such loss included in the accounts will differ from the balancing adjustment amount taken into account for taxation purposes.

If the accounts show a loss on the sale of a depreciating asset under S All other expenses item 6, include that amount at W Non-deductible expenses item 7 except to the extent it relates to assets used in R&D activities, which are shown at D Accounting expenditure in item 6 subject to R&D tax incentive item 7. Also see Balancing adjustment amounts.

Luxury car leases

Luxury car leasing arrangements (other than genuine short-term hiring agreements or a hire-purchase agreement) are treated as notional sale and loan transactions.

A leased car, either new or second hand, is a luxury car if its cost exceeds the car limit that applies for the income year in which the lease commences. The car limit for 2015–16 is $57,466.

The cost or value of the car specified in the lease (or the market value if the parties were not dealing at arm’s length in connection with the lease) is taken to be both the cost of the car for the lessee and the amount loaned by the lessor to the lessee to buy the car.

In relation to the notional loan, the actual lease payments are divided into notional principal and finance charge components. That part of the finance charge component for the notional loan applicable for the particular period (the accrual amount) is deductible to the lessee subject to any reduction required under the thin capitalisation rules.

In relation to the notional sale, the lessee is treated as the holder of the luxury car and is entitled to claim a deduction for the decline in value of the car.

For the purpose of calculating the deduction, the cost of the car is limited to the car limit for the income year in which the lease is granted. For more information on deductions for the decline in value of leased luxury cars.

See also:

• Guide to depreciating assets 2016.

In summary, the lessee is entitled to deductions equal to:

• the accrual amount, and
• the decline in value of the luxury car, based on the applicable car limit.

Both deductions are reduced to reflect any use of the car for other than a taxable purpose.

If the company has included the lease expenses at F Lease expenses within Australia item 6 or I Lease expenses overseas item 6, include the amount at W Non-deductible expenses item 7.

Include the deduction for decline in value of the luxury car at F Deduction for decline in value of depreciating assets item 7. Include the accrual amount at X Other deductible expenses item 7.

If the lease terminates or is not extended or renewed and the lessee does not actually acquire the car from the lessor, the lessee is treated under the rules as disposing of the car by way of sale to the lessor. This constitutes a balancing adjustment event and any assessable or deductible balancing adjustment amount for the lessee must be determined.

Profit on the sale of a depreciating asset

Any such profit included in the accounts will differ from the balancing adjustment amount taken into account for taxation purposes.

If the accounts show a profit on the sale of a depreciating asset under R Other gross income item 6, include that amount at Q Other income not included in assessable income item 7. Also see Balancing adjustment amounts.

The TOFA rules and UCA

The TOFA rules contain interaction provisions which may modify the cost and termination value of a depreciating asset acquired by a company to which the TOFA rules apply. This will be the case where the consideration (or a substantial proportion of it) is deferred for greater than 12 months after delivery.

For more information, see the Guide to the taxation of financial arrangements (TOFA) rules.

Section 40-880 deduction

Immediate deductibility for start-up costs

From the 2015-–16 income year, section 40-880 allows a company that is not in business, or that is a small business entity, to immediately deduct certain start-up expenses relating to the proposed structure or proposed operation of a business that is proposed to be carried on.

Expenditure is fully deductible in the income year incurred if:

• it is incurred by a small business entity or a company that is not carrying on business and is not connected or affiliated with another company that is carrying on business that is not a small business entity, and
• it relates to a business that is proposed to be carried on and is either      
  • incurred for advice or services relating to the proposed structure or proposed operation of the business, or
  • is paid to an Australian government agency in relation to setting up the business or establishing its operating structure.
   

Section 40-880 deduction

If the deduction relates to an earlier income year, or does not meet the criteria set out above, the previous rules apply, which is a five-year write-off for certain business-related capital expenditure incurred by the company for a past, present or proposed business.

As part of the tax treatment for black hole expenditure, rules apply to business-related capital expenditure incurred after 30 June 2005. Section 40-880 deductions are no longer limited to seven specific types of business-related capital expenditure. The company may now be able to claim a deduction for capital expenditure it incurs after 30 June 2005:

• for its business
• for a business that it used to carry on, such as capital expenses incurred in order to cease the business
• for a business it proposes to carry on, such as the costs of feasibility studies, market research or setting up the business entity
• as a shareholder or partner to liquidate or deregister a company or to wind up a trust or partnership, provided that the company, trust or partnership carried on a business.

If the company incurs the relevant capital expenditure for its existing business, a former business or a proposed business, the expenditure is only deductible to the extent the business is, was, or is proposed to be, carried on for a taxable purpose.

The company cannot deduct expenditure for an existing business that is carried on by another entity or a proposed business unless it is proposed to commence within a reasonable time. However, it can deduct expenditure it incurs for a business that used to, or is proposed to be, carried on by another entity. Such expenditure is only deductible to the extent that:

• the business was, or is proposed to be, carried on for a taxable purpose, and
• the expenditure is in connection with      
  • business that was, or is proposed to be, carried on, and
  • derivation of assessable income from that business by the partnership.
   

A section 40-880 deduction cannot be claimed for capital expenditure to the extent that it:

• can be deducted under another provision of the income tax laws
• forms part of the cost of a depreciating asset the company holds, used to hold, or will hold
• forms part of the cost of land
• relates to a lease or other legal or equitable right
• would be taken into account in working out an assessable profit or deductible loss
• could be taken into account in working out a capital gain or a capital loss from a CGT event
• would be specifically not deductible under the income tax laws if the expenditure was not capital expenditure
• is specifically not deductible under the income tax laws for a reason other than that the expenditure is capital expenditure
• is of a private or domestic nature
• is incurred for gaining or producing exempt income or non-assessable non-exempt income
• is excluded from the cost or cost base of an asset because, under special rules in the UCA or capital gains tax regimes respectively, the cost or cost base of the asset was taken to be the market value
• is a return of or on capital (for example, distributions by trustees) or a return of a non-assessable amount (for example, repayments of loan principal).

The company deducts 20% of the qualifying capital expenditure in the year it is incurred and in each of the following four years.

If you have included any of the expenditure incurred for the income year as an expense at item 6, show this amount as an expense add back at W Non-deductible expenses item 7.

Include the deduction for the section 40-880 deduction at X Other deductible expenses item 7.

Appendix 7: Company tax rate

Table 11: Company tax rates.
The following rates of tax apply to companies for 2015–16.

Companies	Rate %
generally including corporate limited partnerships, strata title bodies corporate, trustees of corporate unit trusts and public trading trusts
small business entities (for income years beginning on or after 1 July 2015)	28.5
otherwise	30
Life insurance companies	Rate %
ordinary class of taxable income	30
complying superannuation class of taxable income	15
further tax on no-TFN contributions income (where it is a retirement savings account (RSA) provider)	34
RSA providers other than life insurance companies	Rate %
RSA component of taxable income	15
further tax on no-TFN contributions income	34
standard component of taxable income	rate applicable to institution
Pooled Development funds (PDFs)	Rate%
For tax rates where a company commences to be, or ceases to be, a PDF during the income year; see appendix 4.
small and medium sized enterprises income component	15
unregulated investment component	25
other	30
Credit unions	Rate %
Small credit unions, taxable income under $50,000
small business entities (for income years beginning on or after 1 July 2015)	28.5
otherwise	30
Medium credit unions, taxable income $50,000–$149,999
small business entities (for income years beginning on or after 1 July 2015)	42.75
otherwise	45
Large credit unions, taxable income $150,000 and over
small business entities (for income years beginning on or after 1 July 2015)	28.5
other	30

Small credit unions are taxed on all their taxable income, but note the treatment of mutual interest.

Interest derived by small credit unions is exempt from tax if all of the following apply:

• the credit union is an approved credit union
• the interest is paid to the credit union by its non-company members in respect of loans it made to those members.

Credit unions with a notional taxable income of at least $50,000, but less than $150,000, are taxed on their taxable income in excess of $49,999.

Credit unions with a notional taxable income of $150,000 or more are taxed on all of their taxable income.

A credit union's notional taxable income is defined in subsection 6H(5) of ITAA 1936.

Non-profit companies

The following tax rates apply to non-profit companies from 1 July 2015:

Non-profit companies that are small business entities

Taxable income	Rate %
$0–$416	Nil
$417–$863	55% for every dollar over $416
$864 and above	28.5% on the whole amount of taxable income

Other non-profit companies

Taxable income	Rate %
$0–$416	Nil
$417–$915	55% for every dollar over $416
$916 and above	30% on the whole amount of taxable income

Appendix 8. Foreign and other jurisdictions codes

Note: Guernsey, Jersey and Isle of Man each have a separate country code

Code	Country
AFG	Afghanistan
ALA	Aland Islands
ALB	Albania
DZA	Algeria
ASM	American Samoa
AND	Andorra
AGO	Angola
AIA	Anguilla
ATA	Antarctica
ATG	Antigua and Barbuda
ARG	Argentina
ARM	Armenia
ABW	Aruba
AUT	Austria
AZE	Azerbaijan
BHS	Bahamas
BHR	Bahrain
BGD	Bangladesh
BRB	Barbados
BLR	Belarus
BEL	Belgium
BLZ	Belize
BEN	Benin
BMU	Bermuda
BTN	Bhutan
BOL	Bolivia
BES	Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba islands
BIH	Bosnia and Herzegovina
BWA	Botswana
BVT	Bouvet Island
BRA	Brazil
IOT	British Indian Ocean Territory
VGB	British Virgin Islands
BRN	Brunei Darussalam
BGR	Bulgaria
BFA	Burkina Faso
BDI	Burundi
KHM	Cambodia
CMR	Cameroon
CAN	Canada
CPV	Cape Verde
CYM	Cayman Islands
CAF	Central African Republic
TCD	Chad
CHL	Chile
CHN	China
CXR	Christmas Island
CCK	Cocos (Keeling) Islands
COL	Colombia
COM	Comoros
COD	Congo, Democratic Republic of (was Zaire)
COG	Congo, People’s Republic of
COK	Cook Islands
CRI	Costa Rica
CIV	Cote D’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
HRV	Croatia (Hrvatska)
CUB	Cuba
CUW	Curacao
CYP	Cyprus
CZE	Czech Republic
DNK	Denmark
DJI	Djibouti
DMA	Dominica
DOM	Dominican Republic
TLS	East Timor (Timor-Leste)
ECU	Ecuador
EGY	Egypt
SLV	El Salvador
GNQ	Equatorial Guinea
ERI	Eritrea
EST	Estonia
ETH	Ethiopia
FLK	Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
FRO	Faroe Islands
FJI	Fiji
FIN	Finland
FRA	France
GUF	French Guiana
PYF	French Polynesia
ATF	French Southern Territories
GAB	Gabon
GMB	Gambia
GEO	Georgia
DEU	Germany
GHA	Ghana
GIB	Gibraltar
GRC	Greece
GRL	Greenland
GRD	Grenada
GLP	Guadeloupe
GUM	Guam
GTM	Guatemala
GGY	Guernsey
GIN	Guinea
GNB	Guinea-Bissau
GUY	Guyana
HTI	Haiti
HMD	Heard and McDonald Islands
VAT	Holy See (Vatican City State)
HND	Honduras
HKG	Hong Kong
HRV	Hrvatska (Croatia)
HUN	Hungary
ISL	Iceland
IND	India
IDN	Indonesia
IRN	Iran
IRQ	Iraq
IRL	Ireland
IMN	Isle of Man, The
ISR	Israel
ITA	Italy
CIV	Ivory Coast (Cote D’Ivoire)
JAM	Jamaica
JPN	Japan
JEY	Jersey
JOR	Jordan
KAZ	Kazakhstan
KEN	Kenya
KIR	Kiribati
PRK	Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of (North Korea)
KOR	Korea, Republic of (South Korea)
KWT	Kuwait
KGZ	Kyrgyzstan
LAO	Laos
LVA	Latvia
LBN	Lebanon
LSO	Lesotho
LBR	Liberia
LBY	Libya
LIE	Liechtenstein
LTU	Lithuania
LUX	Luxembourg
MAC	Macau
MKD	Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
MDG	Madagascar
MWI	Malawi
MYS	Malaysia
MDV	Maldives
MLI	Mali
MLT	Malta
MHL	Marshall Islands
MTQ	Martinique
MRT	Mauritania
MUS	Mauritius
MYT	Mayotte
MEX	Mexico
FSM	Micronesia, Federated States of
MDA	Moldova
MCO	Monaco
MNG	Mongolia
MNE	Montenegro
MSR	Montserrat
MAR	Morocco
MOZ	Mozambique
MMR	Myanmar (Burma)
NAM	Namibia
NRU	Nauru
NPL	Nepal
NLD	Netherlands
NCL	New Caledonia
NZL	New Zealand
NIC	Nicaragua
NER	Niger
NGA	Nigeria
NIU	Niue
NFK	Norfolk Island
MNP	Northern Mariana Islands
PRK	North Korea
NOR	Norway
OMN	Oman
PAK	Pakistan
PLW	Palau
PSE	Palestinian Territories
PAN	Panama
PNG	Papua New Guinea
PRY	Paraguay
PER	Peru
PHL	Philippines
PCN	Pitcairn Island
POL	Poland
PRT	Portugal
PRI	Puerto Rico
QAT	Qatar
REU	Reunion
ROU	Romania
RUS	Russian Federation
RWA	Rwanda
BLM	Saint Barthelemy
SHN	Saint Helena
KNA	Saint Kitts and Nevis
LCA	Saint Lucia
SXM	Saint Martin (Dutch part)
MAF	Saint Martin (French part)
SPM	Saint Pierre and Miquelon
VCT	Saint Vincent and The Grenadines
WSM	Samoa
SMR	San Marino
STP	Sao Tome and Principe
SAU	Saudi Arabia
SEN	Senegal
SRB	Serbia
SYC	Seychelles
SLE	Sierra Leone
SGP	Singapore
SVK	Slovakia (Slovak Republic)
SVN	Slovenia
SLB	Solomon Islands
SOM	Somalia
ZAF	South Africa
SGS	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
KOR	South Korea
SSD	South Sudan
ESP	Spain
LKA	Sri Lanka
SDN	Sudan
SUR	Suriname
SJM	Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands
SWZ	Swaziland
SWE	Sweden
CHE	Switzerland
SYR	Syria
TWN	Taiwan
TJK	Tajikistan
TZA	Tanzania, United Republic of
THA	Thailand
TLS	Timor-Leste (East Timor)
TGO	Togo
TKL	Tokelau
TON	Tonga
TTO	Trinidad and Tobago
TUN	Tunisia
TUR	Turkey
TKM	Turkmenistan
TCA	Turks and Caicos Islands
TUV	Tuvalu
UGA	Uganda
UKR	Ukraine
ARE	United Arab Emirates
GBR	United Kingdom
USA	United States
UMI	United States Minor Outlying Islands
VIR	United States Virgin Islands
URY	Uruguay
UZB	Uzbekistan
VUT	Vanuatu
VAT	Vatican City State (Holy See)
VEN	Venezuela
VNM	Vietnam
WLF	Wallis and Futuna Islands
ESH	Western Sahara
YEM	Yemen
ZMB	Zambia
ZWE	Zimbabwe

Appendix 9: Personal services income

PSI is income that is mainly a reward for an individual’s personal efforts or skills. If PSI is received by a company (a personal services entity) it is still the individual’s PSI for income tax purposes.

The PSI rules do not affect PSI received by employees, except when the individual is an employee of a personal services entity. The rules also do not apply to PSI that is earned in the course of conducting a personal services business.

What is a personal services business?

You qualify as a personal services business if, in respect of each individual whose PSI is included in your income:

• you meet the results test, or
• less than 80% of the individual’s PSI in an income year comes from each client (and their associates) and you meet either the unrelated clients test, the employment test or the business premises test, or
• you obtain a determination from the Commissioner of Taxation confirming that you are a personal services business.

What if you do not qualify as a personal services business and the PSI rules apply?

Generally, if the rules apply to you there are three main effects:

The PSI, reduced by certain deductions to which the personal services entity is entitled, is treated as the income of the individual who does the personal services work and must be included on their income tax return.

The personal services entity must either

• pay the PSI promptly, as salary or wages, to the individual who does the personal services work, or
• attribute the net PSI to the individual who does the personal services work and withhold and remit tax on that income.

The deductions that may be claimed are limited.

If the personal services entity has made a net PSI loss:

• the individual is entitled to a deduction for the loss, and
• the total amount of the deductions to which the entity is entitled is reduced by the amount of the individual’s deduction for the loss.

Deductions

The deductions that may be limited include the following:

• Certain car expenses
• Superannuation contributions
• Entity maintenance deductions
• Mortgage interest, rates and land tax
• Payments to associates

Certain car expenses

You may deduct:

• a car expense for each car used solely for business purposes
• a car expense or an amount of fringe benefits tax payable for a car fringe benefit where a car is used partly for private purposes. However, there cannot be, at the same time, more than one car for which such deductions can arise in gaining or producing the same individual’s PSI. If there is more than one car used privately at the same time for the same individual, you must choose one car only for which to claim deductions. The choice remains in effect until you cease to hold that car.

Superannuation contributions

You may claim a deduction for contributions that you make to a complying superannuation fund or retirement savings account (RSA) for the purpose of making provision for superannuation benefits for an individual whose PSI you derive.

However, if the individual:

• performs less than 20% of your principal work, and
• is an associate of another individual whose PSI you derive

Then your deduction cannot exceed the amount you would have to contribute to ensure you did not have an individual superannuation guarantee shortfall for that associate.

If the associate only performs non-principal work, you cannot claim any deduction relating to PSI for contributions you make to a complying superannuation fund or RSA for the associate.

Entity maintenance deductions

These are:

• fees or charges associated with an account with an authorised deposit-taking institution (but not including interest or interest-like amounts)
• tax-related expenses
• any expense incurred in preparing or lodging a document under Corporations Law, except if the payment is made to an associate, and
• certain statutory fees.

Entity maintenance deductions must first be offset against your other income. If the entity maintenance deductions exceed your other income, the excess of the entity maintenance deductions may reduce PSI attributable to the individuals.

If your income includes the PSI of more than one individual, apportion the excess entity maintenance deductions between the individuals using the following formula:

excess entity maintenance deductions	X	individual’s PSI
		total PSI

Mortgage interest, rates and land tax

You cannot deduct amounts that are incurred in gaining or producing an individual’s PSI if such amounts represent rent, mortgage interest, rates and land tax for the residence of the individual or the residence of an associate of yours.

Payments to associates

You cannot deduct payments to associates or any amount you incur from an obligation you have to your associate to the extent the payment or obligation relates to the associate performing non-principal work.

Additional PAYG withholding obligations

When the PSI rules apply, you will have additional PAYG obligations for the amount attributed (treated as belonging) to each individual who generated the PSI.

The additional PAYG withholding obligation ensures that:

• an amount of withholding has been reported and paid to us for the attributed income (the income treated as belonging to the individual who generated the PSI)
• each individual who generated PSI receives a PAYG withholding credit for their income tax return.

Normal PAYG withholding applies to the PSI you received that is promptly paid out to the individual as salary or wages.

An individual receiving such salary or wages must complete item 1 Salary or wages on their income tax return.

If you have a net PSI loss for an income year, there are no additional PAYG withholding obligations as no income has been attributed.

Treatment of attributed PSI on your income tax return

If PSI is attributed to an individual, the income is not assessable to the company. Include the PSI on the company tax return as follows:

Include the attributed amount at Q Other income not included in assessable income item 7, as calculated in Worksheet 2: Other reconciliation items.

The following example will help you complete the PSI details on the company tax return. The entity in the example is not conducting a personal services business.