Appendixes

Appendix 1: Dividends

An imputation system applies for taxing dividends paid by franking entities. Certain dividends (including non-share dividends) paid by franking entities, which have paid Australian tax may have a franking credit attached. These dividends are known as franked dividends.

If the shares or interests are not held at risk as required under the holding period and related payments rules, or there is other manipulation of the imputation system, do not include the Australian franking credit in assessable income and there is no entitlement to a franking tax offset.

Trans-Tasman imputation

The Australian Government has rules, administered by the Australian Taxation Office, to allow New Zealand companies to join the Australian imputation system. The New Zealand Government has similar rules, administered by the New Zealand Inland Revenue Department, to allow Australian companies to join the New Zealand imputation system. Subject to full compliance with the Australian imputation rules, a New Zealand company that has chosen to join the Australian imputation system is able to maintain an Australian franking account and may pay dividends franked with Australian franking credits.

For dividends paid by Australian franking companies, the total amount of dividends received or credited and the franking credit is included in the assessable income of the trust to determine the relevant net income or loss.

For dividends paid by New Zealand franking companies, the amount of the dividend received or credited and the franking credit included in the assessable income of the trust can vary depending on whether or not the dividend is assessable. See the Foreign income return form guide to work out whether the dividend is assessable income.

If the dividend from the New Zealand company is assessable, you must declare it (including any supplementary dividend) as assessable foreign income even if dividend withholding tax was deducted in New Zealand. You can claim a foreign income tax offset for any New Zealand withholding tax paid on the dividend.

If the franked dividend from the New Zealand company is included in assessable income, the amount of the Australian franking credit on that dividend is also assessable income and you can claim a tax offset equal to that amount (subject to the exceptions described below).

If the recipient is entitled to a tax offset under section 207-45, the Australian franking credit is included in the assessable income of the recipient. The tax offset is reduced by the relevant amount of a supplementary dividend paid by the New Zealand company if:

• the supplementary dividend is paid in connection with the franked dividend
• the franked dividend and the supplementary dividend flow indirectly to the recipient because the recipient is a beneficiary or a trustee of a trust
• the recipient is entitled to foreign income tax offsets because of the distribution.

Franking credit trading

For the franking credits to flow through to the beneficiaries both they and the trust must be qualified persons in relation to the dividend.

Qualified person

To be a qualified person in relation to a dividend a taxpayer must, during the relevant 'qualification period' (see below), hold the shares, or an interest in the shares, at risk for 45 days (90 days for certain preference shares) not counting the days on which the shares or interests were acquired or disposed of. This is sometimes referred to as the 'holding period rule'.

To hold the shares, or an interest in shares, at risk the taxpayer must carry at least 30% of the risks of loss and opportunities for gain associated with the shares, or interest in the shares.

If the taxpayer does not have an obligation to make a payment in relation to a dividend (generally one passing the benefit of the dividend to another), the relevant qualification period for that dividend is the period beginning the day after the relevant shares or interests are acquired, and ending 45 days (90 days for certain preference shares) after the shares go ex-dividend. Otherwise, if the taxpayer is obliged to make, has made or is likely to make a related payment, the relevant qualification period is the period beginning 45 days (90 days for certain preference shares) before the shares go ex-dividend and ending 45 days (90 days for certain preference shares) after the shares go ex-dividend. This is sometimes referred to as the 'related payments rule'.

The holding period rule applies to shares acquired on or after 1 July 1997 (unless acquired under a contract entered into before 7.30pm Australian eastern standard time (AEST) on 13 May 1997) and the related payments rule applies to arrangements entered into after 7.30pm AEST on 13 May 1997.

Beneficiaries of trusts, other than family trusts and deceased estate trusts, will not pass these tests unless they hold a sufficient fixed interest in the shares to expose them to at least 30% of the risks and opportunities of owning the shares. They may, however, be eligible for the small shareholder exemption.

As an alternative to complying with the 45-day holding period rule, there are two other methods of attaining 'qualified person' status.

The first exempts individual shareholders with total franking credit entitlements of less than $5,000.

The second allows certain taxpayers, including:

• the trustees of listed widely held unit trusts
• unlisted very widely held unit trusts
• trustees of complying superannuation funds
• complying approved deposit funds
• pooled superannuation trusts
• the statutory funds of life insurance companies

to elect to have a ceiling applied to franking credit entitlements. The ceiling is based on a benchmark portfolio of shares. Certain investment vehicles primarily held by such taxpayers are also included.

As an alternative to complying with the 45-day holding period rule, there are two other methods of attaining 'qualified person' status. The first exempts individual shareholders with total franking credit entitlements of less than $5,000. The second allows certain taxpayers - including the trustees of listed widely held unit trusts, unlisted very widely held unit trusts, trustees of complying superannuation funds, complying approved deposit funds, pooled superannuation trusts and the statutory funds of life insurance companies - to elect to have a ceiling applied to franking credit entitlements. The ceiling is based on a benchmark portfolio of shares. Certain investment vehicles primarily held by such taxpayers are also included.

General anti-avoidance rule

Section 177EA of the ITAA 1936 is a general anti-avoidance rule against franking credit trading and streaming. The rule applies where a more than incidental purpose of certain arrangements is to obtain a tax advantage in relation to franking credits.

Franking credit

The franking credit from franking entities is shown at:

• M item 12 if received directly from a paying company
• D item 8 if received indirectly through a partnership or other trust.

Do not show the franking credit if the trustee was not a qualified person (see qualified person) for the dividend.

Australian franking credits from a New Zealand company

The Australian franking credits attached to franked dividends received directly or indirectly from a New Zealand franking company are shown at D item 23. For credits received indirectly through a partnership or other trust, do not show the franking credit if the trustee was not a qualified person or was otherwise unable to claim a franking credit.

Show expenses claimed against earning dividend income at item 16 Deductions relating to Australian investment income.

In certain cases, where no beneficiaries are presently entitled to some or all of the income of the trust, (that is., that income is not assessable to the beneficiaries), the trustee is liable to pay tax on that income and - providing the trustee is a qualified person in relation to the dividend - is entitled to a tax offset for the amount, or a proportionate amount, of the franking credit. Where the amount of the franking credit to which the trustee is entitled exceeds the trustee's basic income tax liability, the excess will only be refundable if the net income is assessed under section 99.

The share of the trust's net income assessable to a resident beneficiary is shown on the beneficiary's own tax return.

If that share includes some or all of the franked dividends paid to the trust, the beneficiary who is a resident individual is entitled to a tax offset equal to their share of franking credits attached to the franked dividends, undiminished by the expenses of the trust.

For the franking credits to flow to a beneficiary, both the beneficiary and the trustee must be qualified persons (satisfying the holding period and related payments rules).

Non-resident beneficiaries

Non-resident presently entitled beneficiaries are not liable to pay any Australian tax on the franked amount of dividends. Unfranked dividends and the unfranked part of franked dividends, if any, are subject to withholding tax.

Share traders

Traders of shares (including non-share equity interests) who operated as a trust and received dividends during the income year must show them at item 12.

Exempt dividends

Keep supporting records if the trust claims the whole or part of any dividend, bonus share issue or other distribution is exempt from tax, for example, because FTDT has been paid on the amount.

Foreign source dividends

Foreign source dividends (other than dividends from a New Zealand franking company) are not subject to the imputation rules. However, they are usually included in the assessable income of the trust. If the trust receives foreign source dividends, other than dividends that qualify as non-assessable non-exempt income under sections 23AI and 23AK, include these amounts at item 23.

Unfranked dividends

An unfranked dividend includes the unfranked part of a partly franked dividend.

Unfranked dividends and the TOFA rules

The TOFA rules may apply to some or all of the unfranked dividends that a trust receives. Where this is the case, such amounts are still shown at item 12 Dividends and must also be shown at item 31Taxation of financial arrangements (TOFA).