The significance of large corporate groups
There are 2,216 large corporate groups in Australia, each with a turnover of more than $250 million. Their tax contribution and compliance help support community confidence in our tax system.
Tax performance
There is a strong relationship between the tax performance of large corporate groups and their economic performance. The tax paid by large corporate groups typically reflects their underlying profitability.
Australian publicly listed companies tax payments closely track with movements in reported pre-tax profits, while majority foreign-owned large corporate groups exhibit similar tax-to-income ratios to comparable Australian-listed companies.
Recent fluctuations in corporate tax collections have been driven by a range of economic factors. These include movements in commodity prices, in particular the iron ore, coal, oil and gas price. These have led to changes in the profitability of Australia’s largest miners and their income tax payments.
For more information, see Macro-level analysis is giving us confidence.
Tax gap
The large corporate groups income tax gap is similar to comparable jurisdictions and a relatively small proportion of the total corporate income tax base.
The difference between the tax payable according to law and tax actually collected from taxpayers is the tax gap. Most of tax due is paid voluntarily and we collect some of the remainder through compliance activity. What is left uncollected is known as the net tax gap.
If every large corporate group met their tax obligations, we would have collected an estimated $101.3 billion for the 2022–23 financial year. We expect that we will collect $95.3 billion voluntarily, increasing to $97.5 billion after our engagement. This leaves an estimated net tax gap of $3.7 billion, or 3.7%. Without our engagement we estimate a gross gap of $6.0 billion, or 5.9%.
The finalised tax gap figures for 2023–24 will be published in late October 2026 with the Commissioner of Taxation annual report 2025–26. For more information, see Estimating the tax gap.
Initiatives to reduce the tax gap
Initiatives under the Tax Avoidance Taskforce and capability and performance improvements are helping us to sustainably reduce the tax gap.
The large corporate groups income tax gap estimate of 3.7% reflects our strong administration and compares well globally.
Under the umbrella of the taskforce, we design our initiatives to sustainably reduce the tax gap even further. We do this primarily by improving the amount voluntarily paid – that is, by reducing the gross tax gap.
For more information, see Initiatives to sustainably reduce the tax gap.
The four pillars of compliance
Under the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) framework, there are the following four pillars of tax compliance:
- registration
- lodgment
- correct reporting
- payment.
Large corporate groups are fully compliant with 3 of the 4 pillars:
- registration – all large corporate groups are registered for tax purposes
- lodgment – all active large companies lodge, albeit some late and requiring reminders
- payment – large corporate groups generally make their tax payments on time. Any outstanding tax debt relates almost exclusively to disputed assessments.
This means our key focus area with large corporate groups is the correct reporting of their taxable income. Disputes are usually in grey areas such as transfer pricing and the borderline between acceptable tax planning and tax avoidance.
For more information, see The OECD four pillars of compliance.
Compliance results
Our compliance results are a small portion of the income tax paid by large corporate groups.
Over the past 5 years, we have collected additional income tax from large corporate groups through our compliance activity. This has been less than 3% of the aggregate tax they paid voluntarily.
In some cases, we do apply penalties where we considered there was a lack of reasonable care taken in applying the tax law. Generally, our reviews do not identify the need to apply penalties due to recklessness or intentional disregard of the tax law.
For more information, see Results from our compliance activities.