Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex Parte Aala
[2000] HCA 57Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex Parte Aala
Court:
Judges:
Gleeson CJ
Gaudron J
Mchugh J
Gummow J
Kirby J
Hayne J
Callinan J
Subject References:
Immigration
Refugees
Review Tribunal
Failure to afford procedural fairness
Prosecutor de-nied opportunity to be heard on matters affecting credibility
Whether prosecutor denied possibility of a successful outcome
Administrative law
Constitutional writs
Nature of Constitutional writ of prohibition
Procedural fairness
Availability of writ of prohibition for failure to accord procedural fairness
Whether prohi-bition available as of right or by discretion
Whether application should be rejected due yto delay
Constitutional law
Construction of Constitution
Meaning to be given to words in s75(v)
Rele-vance of meaning at time of commencement of Constitution
Words and phrases
'a writ ... of prohibition', 'procedural fairness', 'prerogative writ'
Legislative References:
Constitution - s 75(iii); s 75(v)
Migration Act 1958 (Cth) - The Act
Case References:
-
Judgment date: 16 November 2000
Order
1. Order absolute for a writ of prohibition prohibiting the second respondent from taking action on the decision of the first respondent made on 3 April 1998.
2. Order that time be extended and that a writ of certiorari issue to quash the decision of the first respondent made on 3 April 1998.
3. In respect of the application by the prosecutor dated 4 October 1996, Order absolute for a writ of mandamus requiring the first respondent to consider and determine the application according to law.
4. Second respondent to pay costs of prosecutor, both in respect of the order nisi and the hearing before Full Court.
Notice: This copy of the Court's Reasons for Judgment is subject to formal revision prior to publication in the Commonwealth Law Reports.
P E King with K M Hawes for the prosecutor (instructed by the prosecutor)
No appearance for the first respondent
T Reilly with G A Mowbray for the second respondent (instructed by Australian Government Solicitor)
Stead v State Government Insurance Commission (1986) 161 CLR 141 at 145 per Mason, Wilson, Brennan, Deane and Dawson JJ.
A criterion for the grant of such a visa is that the prosecutor is a person to whom Australia has protection obligations under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees as amended by the 1967 Protocol ("the Convention"). As to the Convention and Protocol, see Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Ibrahim [2000] HCA 55 at [107].
(1999) 197 CLR 510 .
R v Cook; Ex parte Twigg (1980) 147 CLR 15 at 33. See also Glover v Walters (1950) 80 CLR 172 at 174-175.
Re Jarman; Ex parte Cook (1997) 188 CLR 595 at 604, 618, 630. S33(1) of the Judiciary Act empowers the High Court to direct the issue of certain writs, but their specification does not (s33(2)) limit by implication the power of the High Court to direct the issue of any writ. S31 empowers the High Court to make such "judgments" (defined in s2 as including orders) as are necessary for the doing of complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it; cf R v Cook; Ex parte Twigg (1980) 147 CLR 15 at 33; Thomson Australian Holdings Pty Ltd v Trade Practices Commission (1981) 148 CLR 150 at 161; Cardile v LED Builders Pty Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 380 at 396 [33].
Ah Yick v Lehmert (1905) 2 CLR 593 at 608-609; Bank of NSW v The Commonwealth (1948) 76 CLR 1 at 363-368; Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Richard Walter Pty Ltd (1995) 183 CLR 168 at 178-179, 204, 221, 231-232.
(1979) 143 CLR 190 at 201.
See Re McJannet; Ex parte Minister for Employment, Training and Industrial Relations (Q) (1995) 184 CLR 620 at 652-653.
Worthington v Jeffries (1875) LR 10 CP 379 at 382; de Smith's Judicial Review of Administrative Action, 4th ed (1980) at 584.
(1995) 183 CLR 168 at 204-205.
(1984) 156 CLR 185 at 217-218.
(1986) 60 ALJR 588 at 594.
(2000) 74 ALJR 648 ; 170 ALR 111 .
See the remarks of Learned Hand J in Cunard SS Co v Mellon 284 F 890 at 894 (1922).
(1907) 5 CLR 389 at 395.
(1878) 1 SCR (NS) (NSW) 10 at 13.
Spackman v Plumstead Board of Works (1885) 10 App Cas 229 at 240.
Anon (1704) 6 Mod 308 [ 87 ER 1047 ].
2 Hen V s1, c 3.
The statute did not extend to proceedings in the Admiralty Court: Anon (1699) 1 Ld Raym 442 [ 91 ER 1194 ].
Anon (1704) 6 Mod 308 at 308 [ 87 ER 1047 at 1048].
(1953) 88 CLR 100 at 118.
(1867) LR 2 HL 239 at 275, 276.
(1862) 12 CB (NS) 383 at 412 [ 142 ER 1191 at 1202-1203].
For example, by denying a plea raising the Statute of Limitations 1623 (Berkeley v Morrice (1668) Hardres 502 [ 145 ER 569 ]) or by misconstruing one of the Enclosure Acts (Gould v Gapper (1804) 5 East 345 [ 102 ER 1102 ]).
Informations (Criminal and Quo Warranto), Mandamus and Prohibition, (1887) at 437.
(1795) 2 H Bl 533 [ 126 ER 687 ].
(1795) 2 H Bl 533 at 535-536 [ 126 ER 687 at 689].
Home v Earl Camden (1795) 2 H Bl 533 at 533-534 [ 126 ER 687 at 688].
(1881) 6 App Cas 424.
James v South Western Railway Co (1872) LR 7 Ex 287 . See R v Gray; Ex parte Marsh (1985) 157 CLR 351 at 385.
The People ex rel Adams v Westbrook 89 NY 152 at 155-156 (1882).
(1881) 6 App Cas 424 at 440.
Martin v Mackonochie (1879) 4 QBD 697 at 731-732.
They are collected in the article by D M Gordon, "The Observance of Law as a Condition of Jurisdiction", (1931) 47 Law Quarterly Review 386 at 404-406; cf Ex parte Lovell; Re Buckley (1938) 38 SR (NSW) 153 at 165-167.
R v Biggins (1862) 5 LT 605 . The remedy sought was certiorari. See, more recently, R v Visiting Justice at Her Majesty's Prison, Pentridge; Ex parte Walker [1975] VR 883 at 894-897 and R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex parte Al-Mehdawi [1990] 1 AC 876 . In the latter case, the House of Lords held there was no denial by the decision-maker of natural justice, and no ground for certiorari, where the applicant had been deprived of his opportunity of being heard because of the default of his advisers, to whom he had entrusted the conduct of the matter.
R v Hughes (1879) 4 QBD 614 at 625; cf in New South Wales Ex parte McShane (1878) 1 SCR (NS) (NSW) 10 at 13.
Haggard v P é licier Fr é res [1892] AC 61 at 63, 68.
[1894] 1 QB 659 at 664.
[1894] 1 QB 659 at 664.
(1910) 10 SR (NSW) 325.
(1910) 10 SR (NSW) 325 at 331-332.
(1852) 12 CB 767 at 776-777 [ 138 ER 1106 at 1110].
(1910) 10 SR (NSW) 325 at 334.
(1897) 18 NSWLR (L) 282.
(1897) 18 NSWLR (L) 282 at 288-289.
Wade and Forsyth, Administrative Law, 7th ed (1994) at 627.
Gordon, "The Observance of Law as a Condition of Jurisdiction", (1931) 47 Law Quarterly Review 386 at 396.
It is now doubtful whether there are more than two invariable conditions of regularity: (1) that a tribunal shall be disinterested, (2) that the audi alteram partem principle shall be observed. The House of Lords in Local Government Board v Arlidge [1915] AC 120 , negatived a number of supposed invariable conditions suggested in the Court of Appeal, [1914] 1 KB 160 . Similarly, in Board of Education v Rice [1911] AC 179 , the House of Lords, in affirming the Court of Appeal on one narrow ground, discountenanced many extravagant dicta of the Lords Justices ... Lord Loreburn ( [1911] AC 179 at 182) mentions obiter as the invariable duties of a tribunal that it 'must act in good faith and listen fairly to both sides.' ...
[1976] 1 WLR 1255 ; [1976] 2 All ER 865 .
[1976] 1 WLR 1255 at 1263; [1976] 2 All ER 865 at 871-872.
[1980] AC 718 at 730.
(1885) 10 App Cas 229 at 240.
De Smith's Judicial Review of Administrative Action, 4th ed (1980) at 244; Wade and Forsyth, Administrative Law, 7th ed (1994) at 465. See also R v Chairman of General Sessions at Hamilton; Ex parte Atterby [1959] VR 800 at 809-810.
See, for example, R v Australian Stevedoring Industry Board; Ex parte Melbourne Stevedoring Co Pty Ltd (1953) 88 CLR 100 at 116-119; R v Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission; Ex parte Angliss Group (1969) 122 CLR 546 at 552; R v Watson; Ex parte Armstrong (1976) 136 CLR 248 at 263, 267; Re Grimshaw; Ex parte Australian Telephone and Phonogram Officers' Association (1986) 60 ALJR 588 at 591-592.
(1999) 197 CLR 510 at 553 [112].
(1985) 159 CLR 550 at 584.
(1985) 159 CLR 550 at 615.
(1985) 159 CLR 550 at 615.
These include Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin (1990) 170 CLR 1 at 40 and Ainsworth v Criminal Justice Commission (1992) 175 CLR 564 at 591.
(1990) 169 CLR 648 at 652.
(1990) 170 CLR 596 at 604-605. It is immaterial for present purposes that Brennan J dissented in that case.
(1999) 197 CLR 611 at 650 [126].
(1997) 190 CLR 1 at 36.
See Minister for Arts, Heritage and Environment v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1987) 15 FCR 274 at 278, 280-281, 302-303; The Commonwealth v Northern Land Council (1993) 176 CLR 604 .
See s475(1)(b).
Sir Thomas Bingham, "Should Public Law Remedies be Discretionary?", [1991] Public Law 64 at 66.
(1875) LR 20 Eq 552 at 555. Prohibition issued out of Chancery, but the practice differed from that at common law: Mayor, etc, of London v Cox (1867) LR 2 HL 239 at 290-291.
(1867) LR 2 HL 239 at 279-280.
(1867) LR 2 HL 239 at 278.
(1953) 88 CLR 100 at 118-119.
The People ex rel Adams v Westbrook 89 NY 152 at 154-155 (1882). See also High, "A Treatise on Extraordinary Legal Remedies, Embracing Mandamus, Quo Warranto, and Prohibition", (1874), Art 765. Westbrook was applied by the New York Court of Appeals in The People ex rel Livingston v Wyatt 79 NE 330 at 334 (1906) and The People ex rel Cuvillier v Hagarty 144 NE 917 (1924). Cardozo J was a party to Hagarty. In federal jurisdiction, power was conferred by statute to issue the "extraordinary writs", including prohibition, to the District Courts in aid of appellate jurisdiction, but, as Harlan J put it in delivering the opinion of the Supreme Court, "[t]he power to issue them is discretionary and it is sparingly exercised": Parr v United States 351 US 513 at 520 (1956).
The People ex rel Adams v Westbrook 89 NY 152 at 155-156 (1882).
(1875) LR 10 CP 379 .
(1875) LR 10 CP 379 at 382.
(1876) 1 CPD 237 at 240.
(1875) LR 20 Eq 552 .
(1867) LR 2 HL 239 .
(1867) LR 2 HL 239 at 254.
See High, "A Treatise on Extraordinary Legal Remedies, Embracing Mandamus, Quo Warranto, and Prohibition", (1874), Arts 3-5.
See Sue v Hill (1999) 73 ALJR 1016 at 1030-1032 [67]-[82]; 163 ALR 648 at 667-671.
(1867) LR 2 HL 239 at 254.
(1914) 18 CLR 54 at 60.
(1875) LR 10 CP 379 at 382.
(1979) 143 CLR 190 at 201.
(1979) 143 CLR 190 at 201-202.
(1867) LR 2 HL 239 at 283.
See Bateman's Bay Local Aboriginal Land Council v Aboriginal Community Benefit Fund Pty Ltd (1998) 194 CLR 247 at 263 [40]; and see, generally, Truth About Motorways Pty Ltd v Macquarie Infrastructure Investment Management Ltd (2000) 74 ALJR 604 ; 169 ALR 616 .
(1986) 60 ALJR 588 .
(1986) 60 ALJR 588 at 594.
R v Kensington Income Tax Commissioners. Ex parte Princess Edmond de Polignac [1917] 1 KB 486 .
(1985) 157 CLR 351 at 375.
(1953) 88 CLR 100 at 118-119.
(1981) 147 CLR 471 at 484-485. Murphy J (at 489), Aickin J (at 493) and Wilson J (at 494) agreed with the judgment of Mason J in this respect.
[1980] AC 574 at 593.
(1984) 156 CLR 185 .
(1953) 88 CLR 100 at 118-119.
(1984) 156 CLR 185 at 194.
De Smith's Judicial Review of Administrative Action, 4th ed (1980) at 422.
Commissioner of Australian Federal Police v Propend Finance Pty Ltd (1997) 188 CLR 501 at 558. See Craig, Administrative Law, 3rd ed (1994) at 613-642.
Wade and Forsyth, Administrative Law, 7th ed (1994) at 282-283; cf Administration of Papua and New Guinea v Daera Guba (1973) 130 CLR 353 at 452-453; Craig, Administrative Law, 3rd ed (1994) at 676-677.
R v Ross-Jones; Ex parte Beaumont (1979) 141 CLR 504 at 522. See also R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; Ex parte Ozone Theatres (Aust) Ltd (1949) 78 CLR 389 at 400, 407-409.
See Enfield City Corporation v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135 at 157-158 [57]-[58].
(1990) 170 CLR 596 at 604-605.
R v MacKellar; Ex parte Ratu (1977) 137 CLR 461 at 474-475.
See, for example, Re McJannet; Ex parte Minister for Employment, Training and Industrial Relations (Q) (1995) 184 CLR 620 at 639, 651-655.
(2000) 199 CLR 135 at 157 [56].
(1949) 78 CLR 389 at 400.
[1975] AC 295 at 320 (CA); affd [1975] AC 329 .
See R v Aston University Senate, Ex parte Roffey [1969] 2 QB 538 .
See Glynn v Keele University [1971] 1 WLR 487 ; [1971] 2 All ER 89 and Ward v Bradford Corp (1971) 70 LGR 27 .
Wislang v Medical Practitioners Disciplinary Committee [1974] 1 NZLR 29 at 42; Cinnamond v British Airports Authority [1980] 1 WLR 582 at 593; [1980] 2 All ER 368 at 376-377.
Malloch v Aberdeen Corp [1971] 1 WLR 1578 at 1595; [1971] 2 All ER 1278 at 1294.
Mobil Oil Canada Ltd v Canada-Newfoundland Offshore Petroleum Board [1994] 1 SCR 202 at 228; Wade and Forsyth, Administrative Law, 7th ed (1994) at 528.
See Stead v State Government Insurance Commission (1986) 161 CLR 141 at 145.
(1992) 175 CLR 564 at 580-581.
Abebe v The Commonwealth (1999) 197 CLR 510 at 553-554 [113].
(1985) 159 CLR 550 at 632-633.
(1990) 169 CLR 648 at 652-653.
See the discussion by Brennan J in R v Marks; Ex parte Australian Building Construction Employees Builders Labourers' Federation (1981) 147 CLR 471 at 499-501.
Attorney-General (Cth) v Oates (1999) 198 CLR 162 at 171-172 [16].
(1999) 197 CLR 611 .
National Companies and Securities Commission v News Corp Ltd (1984) 156 CLR 296 at 315.
[1984] AC 808 .
[1984] AC 808 at 821.
Stead v State Government Insurance Commission (1986) 161 CLR 141 at 147.
[1970] Ch 345 at 402. See also the observations by Barwick CJ in Wade v Burns (1966) 115 CLR 537 at 555 and by Sir Thomas Bingham, "Should Public Law Remedies be Discretionary?", [1991] Public Law 64 at 72-73.
cf Stead v State Government Insurance Commission (1986) 161 CLR 141 at 147.
Mahon v Air New Zealand Ltd [1984] AC 808 at 820-821.
(1986) 161 CLR 141 at 145.
Stead v State Government Insurance Commission (1986) 161 CLR 141 at 145.
cf Stead v State Government Insurance Commission (1986) 161 CLR 141 at 147.
Stead v State Government Insurance Commission (1986) 161 CLR 141 at 145.
See Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Durairajasingham (2000) 74 ALJR 405 at 407-408 [7]-[15]; 168 ALR 407 at 409-411 per McHugh J explaining the effect of the amendments to the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ("the Act"); cf Crock, "Of Fortress Australia and Castles in the Air: The High Court and the Judicial Review of Migration Decisions", (2000) 24 Melbourne University Law Review 190 at 215.
Ch III, esp s75(v).
Reasons of Callinan J at [198].
Reasons of Gaudron and Gummow JJ at [8], [63]-[67], reasons of McHugh J at [88]-[90] and reasons of Callinan J at [174]-[187].
Reasons of Gaudron and Gummow JJ at [63]-[69], reasons of McHugh J at [91]-[99], reasons of Callinan J at [188]-[197].
The Act, s476(2).
The concepts of "natural justice" and "procedural fairness" appear to have become fused in the reasons of this Court: Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550 at 583-584; cf R v Gaming Board for Great Britain; Ex parte Benaim and Khaida [1970] 2 QB 417 ; Chandra v Minister of Immigration [1978] 2 NZLR 559 at 564-565; Aronson and Dyer, Judicial Review of Administrative Action, 2nd ed (2000) at 310. To the extent that there is a difference, "natural justice" may refer to a wider concept, not restricted to matters of procedure; see Mullan, "Fairness: The New Natural Justice?", (1975) 25 University of Toronto Law Journal 281 at 315; Woolf, Jowell and Le Sueur, De Smith, Woolf and Jowell's Principles of Judicial Review (1999) at 246-247. The defect alleged in the present matter was a departure from the requirements of procedural fairness. The statutory exclusion from the jurisdiction of the Federal Court is expressed in terms of "natural justice". Nothing turns on this distinction in this case.
cf Stead v State Government Insurance Commission (1986) 161 CLR 141 ("Stead").
Coal & Allied Operations Pty Ltd v Australian Industrial Relations Commission (2000) 74 ALJR 1348 at 1366-1369 [78]-[89]; 174 ALR 585 at 608-612.
Reasons of McHugh J at [100]-[103].
Refugee Review Tribunal, N98/21291, 3 April 1998 ("the second Tribunal").
Reasons of McHugh J at [122].
(1986) 161 CLR 141 at 145-146, set out in the reasons of Callinan J at [211].
Stead (1986) 161 CLR 141 at 145.
Stead (1986) 161 CLR 141 at 145.
Stead (1986) 161 CLR 141 at 146.
See the reasons of Gleeson CJ at [4].
cf Crock, "Of Fortress Australia and Castles in the Air: The High Court and the Judicial Review of Migration Decisions", (2000) 24 Melbourne University Law Review 190 at 214-216. In fn 130, the author points out that the "set aside" rates for refugee appeals before the Tribunal in the first half of 1997 fell from 14-19% in the previous year to less than 3%. This fall coincided with political and public commentary about refugees. According to the author, in September 1999 no member of the Tribunal held appointment for more than 16 months, a situation which, if correct, is unconducive to independent decision-making.
Refugee Review Tribunal, N96/12272, 20 December 1996 .
Reasons of McHugh J at [111].
Reasons of Gleeson CJ at [4].
Reasons of Callinan J at [211].
Abebe v The Commonwealth (1999) 197 CLR 510 at 534 [50]; Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Durairajasingham (2000) 74 ALJR 405 at 407-408 [7]-[15]; 168 ALR 407 at 409-411.
Reasons of Hayne J at [158].
Reasons of Gaudron and Gummow JJ at [26]-[35].
cf Re Wakim; Ex parte McNally (1999) 198 CLR 511 at 599-600 [186]-[187]; Re Colina; Ex parte Torney (1999) 73 ALJR 1576 at 1597-1598 [96]-[99]; 166 ALR 545 at 574-576; Grain Pool of Western Australia v The Commonwealth (2000) 74 ALJR 648 at 665 [90]; 170 ALR 111 at 133-134; Cheng v The Queen (2000) 74 ALJR 1482 at 1521-1522 [218]; Kirby, "Constitutional Interpretation and Original Intent: A Form of Ancestor Worship?", (2000) 24 Melbourne University Law Review 1; Hill, "'Originalist' vs 'Progressive' Interpretations of the Constitution - Does it Matter?", (2000) 11 Public Law Review 159.
Before enlightenment, I had myself been guilty of this error: Attorney-General (Q) v Riordan (1997) 192 CLR 1 at 60 (heading); cf Coal & Allied Operations Pty Ltd v Australian Industrial Relations Commission (2000) 74 ALJR 1348 at 1357 [34] fn 60; 174 ALR 585 at 595.
Reasons of Gaudron and Gummow JJ at [18]-[25]. See also reasons of Hayne J at [161]-[162].
See eg The Tramways Case [No 1] (1914) 18 CLR 54 at 62, 66-67, 79-80; R v Murray and Cormie; Ex parte The Commonwealth (1916) 22 CLR 437 at 452-453.
Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth), s33(1).
Re Carmody; Ex parte Glennan (2000) 74 ALJR 1148 at 1149-1150 [3]; 173 ALR 145 at 147 (footnote omitted).
A point made by Callinan J in his reasons at [210].
Reasons of Gaudron and Gummow JJ at [26]-[27], [34]-[35].
Reasons of Hayne J at [159].
R v Murray and Cormie; Ex parte The Commonwealth (1916) 22 CLR 437 at 446; see also R v Hibble; Ex parte Broken Hill Proprietary Co Ltd (1920) 28 CLR 456 at 492.
R v War Pensions Entitlement Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Bott (1933) 50 CLR 228 at 242.
Coal & Allied Operations Pty Ltd v Australian Industrial Relations Commission (2000) 74 ALJR 1348 at 1357 [34] fn 60; 174 ALR 585 at 595.
A similar theory prevailed in France before the Revolution of 1789. See "R é sponse de Louis XV aux remontrances du Parlement de Paris lors de la 's é ance de la flagellation' du 3 mars 1766 ", in West et al, The French Legal System, 2nd ed (1998) at 31 (trans "Judges are my officers, appointed to perform on my account the truly royal duty of dispensing justice to my subjects").
s73, s74.
Following Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968 (Cth); Privy Council (Appeals from the High Court) Act 1975 (Cth); Australia Act 1986 (Cth and UK), s11; cf Kirmani v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd [No 2] (1985) 159 CLR 461 at 464-465.
cf reasons of Gaudron and Gummow JJ at [45]-[62].
Mayor, etc, of London v Cox (1867) LR 2 HL 239 at 279-280; Bingham, "Should Public Law Remedies be Discretionary?", [1991] Public Law 64 at 66.
(1984) 156 CLR 185 at 194.
R v Ross-Jones; Ex parte Green (1984) 156 CLR 185 at 194.
R v Ross-Jones; Ex parte Green (1984) 156 CLR 185 at 194.
Reasons of Gaudron and Gummow JJ at [82]-[83].
Reasons of Callinan J at [218].
cf Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Eshetu (1999) 197 CLR 611 at 632 [64].
R v Cook; Ex parte Twigg (1980) 147 CLR 15 at 25, 32-33; Re Jarman; Ex parte Cook (1997) 188 CLR 595 at 604; Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Durairajasingham (2000) 74 ALJR 405 at 411 [29]-[31]; 168 ALR 407 at 415-416.
R v The District Court of the Queensland Northern District; Ex parte Thompson (1968) 118 CLR 488 at 494-495; cf Aitken, "The High Court's Power to Grant Certiorari - The Unresolved Question", (1986) 16 Federal Law Review 370.
(1948) 76 CLR 1 at 363 per Dixon J. See also Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Richard Walter Pty Ltd (1995) 183 CLR 168 at 178-179 per Mason CJ, 204-205 per Deane and Gaudron JJ, 221 per Dawson J.
Quick and Garran, Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth, (1901) at 778-779; Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, (Melbourne), 4 March 1898 at 1875-1885; Marbury v Madison 5 US 87 (1803).
Ah Yick v Lehmert (1905) 2 CLR 593 at 608-609; The Tramways Case [No 1] (1914) 18 CLR 54 at 82; Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Richard Walter Pty Ltd (1995) 183 CLR 168 at 178-179 per Mason CJ, 204-205 per Deane and Gaudron JJ, 221 per Dawson J.
Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Richard Walter Pty Ltd (1995) 183 CLR 168 at 178 per Mason CJ; cf Werrin v The Commonwealth (1938) 59 CLR 150 at 167-168 per Dixon J; Maguire v Simpson (1977) 139 CLR 362 at 404 per Jacobs J.
Constitution, s71.
R v Murray and Cormie; Ex parte The Commonwealth (1916) 22 CLR 437 at 445-446 per Griffith CJ. See also, for example, R v Hibble; Ex parte Broken Hill Proprietary Co Ltd (1920) 28 CLR 456 at 492.
R v War Pensions Entitlement Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Bott (1933) 50 CLR 228 at 242 per Rich, Dixon and McTiernan JJ.
See, for example, The Tramways Case [No 1] (1914) 18 CLR 54 at 62 per Griffith CJ, 66-67 per Barton J, 79-80 per Isaacs J, 82-83 per Gavan Duffy and Rich JJ; R v Murray and Cormie; Ex parte The Commonwealth (1916) 22 CLR 437 at 452-453 per Isaacs J.
R v Ross-Jones; Ex parte Green (1984) 156 CLR 185 at 217-218 per Brennan J.
Craig v South Australia (1995) 184 CLR 163 at 179; Public Service Association (SA) v Federated Clerks' Union (1991) 173 CLR 132 at 141, 149, 165; cf Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147 ; R v Hull University Visitor; Ex parte Page [1993] AC 682 ; Boddington v British Transport Police [1999] 2 AC 143 .
(1995) 184 CLR 163 at 177-178.
(1995) 183 CLR 168 .
(1995) 184 CLR 163 .
For example, R v Hibble; Ex parte Broken Hill Proprietary Co Ltd (1920) 28 CLR 456 ; R v Connell; Ex parte The Hetton Bellbird Collieries Ltd (1944) 69 CLR 407 .
(1945) 70 CLR 598 at 614-617.
Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Richard Walter Pty Ltd (1995) 183 CLR 168 at 179 per Mason CJ, 205-207 per Deane and Gaudron JJ, 220 per Dawson J.
For example, Craig v South Australia (1995) 184 CLR 163 at 175-176.
(1985) 159 CLR 550 at 584 per Mason J.
(1985) 159 CLR 550 at 615 per Brennan J.
(1990) 170 CLR 596 at 598-600 per Mason CJ, Deane and McHugh JJ.
cf May v Commissioner of Taxation (1999) 92 FCR 152 .
See, for example, R v Australian Stevedoring Industry Board; Ex parte Melbourne Stevedoring Co Pty Ltd (1953) 88 CLR 100 at 116-119; R v Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission; Ex parte Angliss Group (1969) 122 CLR 546 at 552; R v Watson; Ex parte Armstrong (1976) 136 CLR 248 at 263, 267; Re Grimshaw; Ex parte Australian Telephone and Phonogram Officers' Association (1986) 60 ALJR 588 at 592.
(1852) 3 HLC 759 [ 10 ER 301 ].
(1852) 3 HLC 759 at 785 [ 10 ER 301 at 312].
R v Mansour Aala unreported, Supreme Court of New South Wales, 16 August 1995 per Finlay J.
Abebe v The Commonwealth (1999) 197 CLR 510 .
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Eshetu (1999) 197 CLR 611 .
(1997) 49 ALD 640 at 645-646.
(1985) 159 CLR 550 at 587.
(1999) 197 CLR 611 .
"Original jurisdiction of High CourtIn all matters:
- ...
- (v)
- in which a writ of Mandamus or prohibition or an injunction is sought against an officer of the Commonwealth;
Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995) 183 CLR 273 at 313-315.
Baxter v New South Wales Clickers' Association (1909) 10 CLR 114 at 157 per Isaacs J cited in Enfield City Corporation v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135 at 144-145 [20].
(1986) 161 CLR 141 .
(1986) 161 CLR 141 at 145-146.
[1957] 2 QB 55 at 67.
Supreme Court Rules, O58, r6 and r14.
[1980] Qd R 567.
[1980] Qd R 567 at 579 per Dunn J.
(1995) 183 CLR 277 at 311-312.
Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550 at 587.
(1999) 197 CLR 510 .
(1999) 197 CLR 611 at 629 [54]-[55] per Gleeson CJ and McHugh J, 656-657 [143]-[145] per Gummow J.
(1999) 197 CLR 510 at 607-608 [294]-[296] per Callinan J.
R v War Pensions Entitlement Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Bott (1933) 50 CLR 228 .
(1933) 50 CLR 228 at 242.
(1985) 157 CLR 351 at 395-397.
"The following are not grounds upon which an application may be made under subs(1):
- (a)
- that a breach of the rules of natural justice occurred in connection with the making of the decision;
- (b)
- that the decision involved an exercise of a power that is so unreasonable that no reasonable person could have so exercised the power."