House of Representatives
Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Bill 2017
Supplementary Explanatory Memorandum
(Circulated by authority of the )Senate Select Committee, Parliament of Australia, Report of the Senate Select Committee on the Exposure Draft of the Marriage Amendment ( Same - Sex Marriage ) Bill (2017) xiv.
Obergefell v . Hodges 576 U. S. ____ (2015).
At page xv.
At page xi and xv.
Catholic Care ( Diocese of Leeds ) v The Charity Commission for England and Wales 2009 UKFTT 376 (GRC) (01 June 2009) available at http://www.charity.tribunals.gov.uk/decisions.htm. An English judge later reversed and remanded this decision. See The Yorkshire Post, 'Catholic Adoption Society Wins Ruling on Gay Parents', The Yorkshire Post (Online), 17 March 2010 http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/main-topics/local-stories/catholic-adoption-society-wins-ruling-on-gay-parents-1-2567726.
New Zealand Charities Registration Board, Deregistration Decision : Family First New Zealand (21 August 2017) 57.
Jill P Capuzzo, 'Group Loses Tax Break Over Gay Union Issue', The New York Times (online), 18 September 2007 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/18/nyregion/18grove.html.
Dennis Shanahan, 'Catholic bishops called to answer in anti-discrimination test case', The Australian (online), 13 November 2015 http://www.theaustralian.com.au/nationalaffairs/state-politics/catholic-bishops-called-to-answer-in-antidiscrimination-test-case/newsstory/b98439693f2f4aal7aca9b46c7bda776?nk=7bd2d275fddd376333435b60d3ac81 Ic1474942859>. 30 Andrew Drummond, 'Transgender rights activist Martine Delaney drops complaint over Catholic Church's marriage booklet', The Mercury (online), 5 May 2016 http://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/transgender-rights-activist-martinedelaney-drops-complaint-over-catholic-churchs-marriage-booklet/newsstory/d8d9079bf932526b27e5f094e57dbe84?nk=7bd2d275fddd376333435b60d3ac81 c1474933967.
Smith v Trafford Housing Trust [2012] EWHC 3221.
Senate Select Committee, Parliament of Australia, Report of the Senate Select Committee on the Exposure Draft of the Marriage Amendment (Same-Sex Marriage) Bill (2017) xi.
[2013] HCA 55.
Senate Select Committee, Parliament of Australia, Report of the Senate Select Committee on the Exposure Draft of the Marriage Amendment (Same-Sex Marriage) Bill (2017), xiii.
(2008) 236 CLR 204.
(2008) 236 CLR 204.
573 U.S. (10th Cir, 2014).
Burwell , Secretary of Health and Human Services et al v Hobby Lobby Stores Inc et al , 573 U.S. (10th Cir, 2014), 21.
[2005] UKHL 15, 22.
Syndicat Northcrest v Amselem [2004] 2 SCR 551 [43].
[2014] AVSCA 75.
At paragraph 2.30.
At paragraph 2.42.
(1983) 153 CLR 280, at 292.
(1930) 43 CLR.
(1987) 162 CLR 317.
(1986) 160 CLR 330.
(1974) CLR 31.
Victoria v Commonwealth ( 'The Industrial Relations Act case' ) (1996) 187 CLR 416, 487.
Senate Select Committee, Parliament of Australia, Report of the Senate Select Committee on the Exposure Draft of the Marriage Amendment ( Same - Sex Marriage ) Bill (2017) xiv.
Human Rights Committee, General comment No . 22 ( 48 ) ( art . 18 ), 48th sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4 (27 September 1993).
Ibid.
At paragraph 3.122.
At paragraph 2.50.
Senate Standing Committee on Constitutional and Legal Affairs, Conscientious Objection to Conscripted Military Service, 1985, p. ix.
United Nations Commission on Human Rights, The Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 28 September 1984, E/CN.4/1985/4, http://www.refworld.org/docid/4672bc122.html.
Christian Youth Camps Ltd v Cobaw Community Health Services Ltd [2014] AVSCA 75, 286.
Ibid, 286.
At paragraph 2.80.
Communication No. 2216/2012.
Catholic Care ( Diocese of Leeds ) v The Charity Commission for England and Wales 2009 UKFTT 376 (GRC) (01 June 2009) available at http://www.charity.tribunals.gov.uk/decisions.htm. An English judge later reversed and remanded this decision. See The Yorkshire Post, 'Catholic Adoption Society Wins Ruling on Gay Parents', The Yorkshire Post (Online), 17 March 2010 http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/main-topics/local-stories/catholic-adoption-society-wins-ruling-on-gay-parents-1-2567726.
New Zealand Charities Registration Board, Deregistration Decision : Family First New Zealand (21 August 2017) 57.
Jill P Capuzzo, 'Group Loses Tax Break Over Gay Union Issue', The New York Times (online), 18 September 2007 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/18/nyregion/18grove.html.
Dennis Shanahan, 'Catholic bishops called to answer in anti-discrimination test case', The Australian (online), 13 November 2015 http://www.theaustralian.com.au/nationalaffairs/state-politics/catholic-bishops-called-to-answer-in-antidiscrimination-test-case/newsstory/b98439693f2f4aal7aca9b46c7bda776?nk=7bd2d275fddd376333435b60d3ac81 Ic1474942859>. 30 Andrew Drummond, 'Transgender rights activist Martine Delaney drops complaint over Catholic Church's marriage booklet', The Mercury (online), 5 May 2016 http://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/transgender-rights-activist-martinedelaney-drops-complaint-over-catholic-churchs-marriage-booklet/newsstory/d8d9079bf932526b27e5f094e57dbe84?nk=7bd2d275fddd376333435b60d3ac81 c1474933967.
Smith v Trafford Housing Trust [2012] EWHC 3221.
Obergefell v . Hodges 576 U. S. ____ (2015).
At page xv.
At page xi and xv.
See for example, section 3.1 of the Civil Marriage Act (Canada).
New Zealand Charities Registration Board, Deregistration Decision : Family First New Zealand (21 August 2017) 57.
Commissioner for Special Purposes of Income Tax v Pemsel [1891] AC 531.
Everywoman's Health Centre Society ( 1988 ) v The Queen (1991) 92 DTC 6001 at 6008 per Decary JA, Federal Court of Appeal.
Obergefell v . Hodges 576 U. S. ____ (2015).
Bob Jones University v United States ; Goldsboro Christian Schools Inc v United States 103 S. Ct. 2017 (1983) 461 U.S. 574, 76 L.Ed.2d 157.
Commissioner for Special Purposes of Income Tax v Pemsel [1891] AC 531.
Bob Jones University v United States ; Goldsboro Christian Schools Inc v United States 103 S. Ct. 2017 (1983) 461 U.S. 574, 76 L.Ed.2d 157, 574.
Letter from John A Koskinen, Commissioner, Internal Revenue Service to Scott Pruitt, Attorney General, Oklahoma, dated 30 July 2015.
Everywoman's Health Centre Society ( 1988 ) v The Queen (1991) 92 DTC 6001, 6008 (Federal Court of Appeal).
Canada Trust Co . v Ontario Human Rights Commission (1990) 69 DLR (4th) 321.
Ibid 352-3.
Ibid 345.
Section 12(1)(l).
Section 11(a).
Commissioner for Special Purposes of Income Tax v Pemsel [1891] AC 531.
Bob Jones University v United States ; Goldsboro Christian Schools Inc v United States 103 S. Ct. 2017 (1983) 461 U.S. 574, 76 L.Ed.2d 157.
Catholic Care ( Diocese of Leeds ) v The Charity Commission for England and Wales 2009 UKFTT 376 (GRC) (01 June 2009) available at http://www.charity.tribunals.gov.uk/decisions.htm. An English judge later reversed and remanded this decision. See The Yorkshire Post, 'Catholic Adoption Society Wins Ruling on Gay Parents', The Yorkshire Post (Online), 17 March 2010 http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/main-topics/local-stories/catholic-adoption-society-wins-ruling-on-gay-parents-1-2567726.
[2016] NICA (24 October 2016).
Ibid art 14(1).
Ibid art 14(2). See also art 5, which contains a general requirement for State Parties to 'respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents ... to provide ... appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise by the child of the rights contained in the Covenant.'
Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), opened for signature 20 November 1989, 1577 UNTS 3 (entered into force 2 September 1990) art 3(2) ('CRC').
(1983) 158 CLR 1.
(1995) 183 CLR 373.
(1974) CLR 31.
Victoria v Commonwealth ( 'The Industrial Relations Act case' ) (1996) 187 CLR 416, 487.
Christian Youth Camps Ltd v Cobaw Community Health Services Ltd [2014] AVSCA 75, 286.
Ibid, 286.
(1952) 87 CLR 375.
[1978] 2 NSWLR 387.
Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission, Commissioner's Interpretive Statement: Public Benevolent Institutions, 2016/03, paragraph 5.5.3, available at https://www.acnc.gov.au/ACNC/Publications/Interp_PBI.aspx
Walsh v St Vincent de Paul Society Queensland ( No . 2 ) [2008] QADT 32.
[2005] UKHL 15 at para 22.
Syndicat Northcrest v Amselem [2004] 2 SCR 551 [43].
At paragraph 2.42.
(1983) 153 CLR 280, at 292.
(1930) 43 CLR.
(1987) 162 CLR 317.
(1986) 160 CLR 330.
Joslin et al. v. New Zealand, Communication No. 902/1999, U.N. DOC. A/57/40.
Human Rights Committee, Decision Communication No. 902.1999, 75th sess, ( Joselin et . al v New Zealand ), 8.2-9.
Harris, D., Joseph, S, The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and United Kingdom Law , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995, 507.
United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : CCPR Commentary (Engel, Kehl, 1993) 407.
United Nations Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment No. 18: Nondiscrimination, 10 November 1989, para 13, http://www.refworld.org/docid/453883fa8.html (accessed 9 February 2017).
Fifth session (1949), sixth session (1950), eighth session (1952), tenth session A/2929, Chap. VI, 179.
Schalk and Kopf v Austria (European Court of Human Rights, First Section, Application No 30141/04, 22 November 2010), 105.
Schalk and Kopf v Austria (European Court of Human Rights, First Section, Application No 30141/04, 22 November 2010), 46
Hämäläinen v . Finland [2014] ECHR 787.
Oliari and Others v Italy (European Court of Human Rights, Fourth Section, Application nos. 18766/11 and 36030/11, 21 July 2015), 191.
D . H . and Others v . the Czech Republic ([ GC ], no . 57325 / 00 , ECHR 2007 - IV ); See also Burden v . the United Kingdom ([ GC ], no . 13378 / 05 , ECHR 2008 ).
Schalk and Kopf v Austria (European Court of Human Rights, First Section, Application No 30141/04, 22 November 2010), 101.
[2016] ECHR 504.
Greg Walsh, 'Same-Sex Marriage and Religious Liberty' (2016) 35(2) The University of Tasmania Law Review , 133.
Christian Education South Africa [2000] 4 SA 757 (Constitutional Court) [42].
Heiner Bielefeldt, 'Freedom of Religion or Belief A Human Right under Pressure' (2012) 1(1) Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 15, 24 5.
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 24: Issues Relating to Reservations Made Upon Ratification or Accession to the Covenant or the Optional Protocols Thereto, or in Relation to Declarations under Article 41 of the Covenant, 52nd sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.6 (4 November 1994) [10].
United Nations Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment No. 22: Article 18 (Freedom of Thought, Conscience or Religion), CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add 4, 30 July 1993, 8.
Human Rights Committee, General comment No . 22 ( 48 ) ( art . 18 ), 48th sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4 (27 September 1993).
U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1985/4, Annex (1985).
United Nations Commission on Human Rights, The Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 28 September 1984, E/CN.4/1985/4, http://www.refworld.org/docid/4672bc122.html.
United Nations Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment No. 18: Nondiscrimination, 10 November 1989, para 13, http://www.refworld.org/docid/453883fa8.html (accessed 9 February 2017).
Human Rights Committee, General comment No . 22 ( 48 ) ( art . 18 ), 48th sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4 (27 September 1993).
Human Rights Committee, General comment No . 22 ( 48 ) ( art . 18 ), 48th sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4 (27 September 1993).
Jill P Capuzzo, 'Group Loses Tax Break Over Gay Union Issue', The New York Times (online), 18 September 2007 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/18/nyregion/18grove.html.
Dennis Shanahan, 'Catholic bishops called to answer in anti-discrimination test case', The Australian (online), 13 November 2015 http://www.theaustralian.com.au/nationalaffairs/state-politics/catholic-bishops-called-to-answer-in-antidiscrimination-test-case/newsstory/b98439693f2f4aal7aca9b46c7bda776?nk=7bd2d275fddd376333435b60d3ac81 Ic1474942859>. 30 Andrew Drummond, 'Transgender rights activist Martine Delaney drops complaint over Catholic Church's marriage booklet', The Mercury (online), 5 May 2016 http://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/transgender-rights-activist-martinedelaney-drops-complaint-over-catholic-churchs-marriage-booklet/newsstory/d8d9079bf932526b27e5f094e57dbe84?nk=7bd2d275fddd376333435b60d3ac81 c1474933967.
Smith v Trafford Housing Trust [2012] EWHC 3221.
See UN Human Rights Committee, Toonen v Australia , Communication No. 488/1992 (1992) and UN Human Rights Committee, Young v Australia , Communication No. 941/2000 (2003).
Catholic Care ( Diocese of Leeds ) v The Charity Commission for England and Wales 2009 UKFTT 376 (GRC) (01 June 2009) available at http://www.charity.tribunals.gov.uk/decisions.htm. An English judge later reversed and remanded this decision. See The Yorkshire Post, 'Catholic Adoption Society Wins Ruling on Gay Parents', The Yorkshire Post (Online), 17 March 2010 http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/main-topics/local-stories/catholic-adoption-society-wins-ruling-on-gay-parents-1-2567726.
At pages x and xiv.
Roman Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne v Lawlor [1934] HCA 14; (1934) 51 CLR 1 at 32 (per Dixon J).
[2005] UKHL 15 at para 22.
Syndicat Northcrest v Amselem [2004] 2 SCR 551 [43].
[2014] AVSCA 75.
At 286.
At 286.
Human Rights Committee, General Comment 34 Article 19 Freedoms of opinion and expression, 102nd sess, (12 September 2011). See also communication No. 736/97, Ross v . Canada , Views adopted on 17 July 2006
2016 BCCA 423 (1 Nov 2016)
Obergefell v . Hodges 576 U. S. ____ (2015).
See communication No. 458/91, Mukong v . Cameroon , Views adopted on 21 July 1994.
Communication No. 40/1978 Paragraph 10.4.
Leirvåg and ors v . Norway UN Doc CCPR/C/82/D/1155/2003.
Case of Folgero and Others v Norway (European Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, Application No. 15472/02 29, 29 June 2007) at para 84(b).
Case of Kjeldsen , Busk Madsen and Pedersen v Denmark (European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 5095/71; 5920/72; 5926/72, 7 December 1976) at para 51.
Case of Folgero and Others v Norway (European Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, Application No. 15472/02 29, 29 June 2007) at para 84(c).