Product Ruling

PR 2012/23

Income tax: Choice Forestry Project 2012

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No guarantee of commercial success

The Commissioner does not sanction or guarantee this product. Further, the Commissioner gives no assurance that the product is commercially viable, that charges are reasonable, appropriate or represent industry norms, or that projected returns will be achieved or are reasonably based.

Potential participants must form their own view about the commercial and financial viability of the product. The Commissioner recommends a financial (or other) adviser be consulted for such information.

This Product Ruling provides certainty for potential participants by confirming that the tax benefits set out in the Ruling part of this document are available , provided that the scheme is carried out in accordance with the information we have been given, and have described below in the Scheme part of this document. If the scheme is not carried out as described, participants lose the protection of this Product Ruling.

Terms of use of this Product Ruling

This Product Ruling has been given on the basis that the entity or the entities that applied for the Product Ruling, and their associates, will abide by its strict terms of use. Any failure to comply with the terms of use may lead to the withdrawal of this Product Ruling.

What this Product Ruling is about

1. This Product Ruling sets out the Commissioner's opinion on the way in which the relevant provisions identified in the Ruling section (below) apply to the defined class of entities, who take part in the scheme to which this Product Ruling relates. In this Product Ruling this scheme is referred to as the scheme, the Choice Forestry Project 2012, or simply as 'the Project'.

2. All legislative references in this Product Ruling are to the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997) unless otherwise indicated. Where used in this Product Ruling, the word 'associate' has the meaning given in section 318 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936). In this Product Ruling, terms defined in the Project agreements have been capitalised.

Class of entities

3. This part of the Product Ruling specifies which entities;

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are subject to the taxation obligations; and

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can rely on the taxation benefits;

set out in the Ruling section of this Product Ruling.

4. The members of the class of entities who are subject to those taxation obligations and who can rely on those taxation benefits are referred to in this Product Ruling as Growers.

5. Growers are those entities that:

•

meet the definition of 'initial participant' in subsection 394-15(5); and

•

are accepted to take part in the scheme specified below on or after the date this Product Ruling is made.

6. A Grower will have executed the relevant Project Agreements set out in paragraph 45 on or before 30 June 2012 and will hold a 'forestry interest' in the Project.

7. The class of entities who can rely on this Product Ruling does not include:

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entities who are accepted into this Project before the date of this Product Ruling or after 30 June 2012;

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entities who participate in the scheme through offers made other than through the Choice Forestry Project 2012 Product Disclosure Statement or who enter into an undisclosed arrangement with:

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the promoter or a promoter associate, or

•

an independent adviser, that is interdependent with scheme obligations and/or scheme benefits (which may include tax benefits or harvest returns) in any way; or

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entities whose establishment fee, including all loan moneys, are not paid in full to WA Blue Gum Limited (WABG) by 30 June 2012, either by the Grower and/or on the Grower's behalf by a lending institution;

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entities who enter into finance agreements with Albany Financial Pty Ltd outside the terms specified in paragraphs 92 to 95 of the Product Ruling; or

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entities who enter as a joint venture participant.

Qualifications

8. The class of entities defined in this Product Ruling may rely on its contents provided the scheme actually carried out is carried out in accordance with the scheme described in paragraphs 45 to 95 of this Product Ruling.

9. If the scheme actually carried out is materially different from the scheme that is described in this Product Ruling, then:

•

this Product Ruling has no binding effect on the Commissioner because the scheme entered into is not the scheme on which the Commissioner has ruled; and

•

this Product Ruling may be withdrawn or modified.

10. This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to:

Commonwealth Copyright Administration

Copyright Law Branch

Attorney-General's Department

National Circuit

Barton ACT 2600

or posted at: http://www.ag.gov.au/cca

Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993

11. This Product Ruling does not address the provisions of the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 (SISA 1993). The ATO gives no assurance that the product is an appropriate investment for a superannuation fund. The trustees of superannuation funds are advised that no consideration has been given in this Product Ruling as to whether investment in this product may contravene the provisions of SISA 1993.

Date of effect

12. This Product Ruling applies prospectively from date of publication, the date this Product Ruling is made. It therefore applies only to the specified class of entities that enter into the scheme from the date of publication until 30 June 2012, being the closing date for entry into the scheme. This Product Ruling provides advice on the availability of tax benefits to the specified class of entities for all income years up to the income year in which the scheme is terminated in accordance with the Project Agreements.

13. However this Product Ruling only applies to the extent that there is no change in the scheme or in the entity's involvement in the scheme.

Changes in the Law

14. Although this Product Ruling deals with the laws enacted at the time it was issued, later amendments to the law may impact on this Product Ruling. Any such changes will take precedence over the application of this Product Ruling and, to the extent of those amendments this Product Ruling will be superseded.

15. Entities who are considering participating in the scheme are advised to confirm with their taxation adviser that changes in the law have not affected this Product Ruling since it was issued.

Note to promoters and advisers

16. Product Rulings were introduced for the purpose of providing certainty about tax consequences for entities in schemes such as this. In keeping with that intention the ATO suggests that promoters and advisers ensure that participants are fully informed of any legislative changes after this Product Ruling is issued.

Goods and Services Tax

17. All amounts and percentages referred to in this Product Ruling exclude the Goods and Services Tax (GST), unless otherwise specified. The transactions in respect of this scheme may, where appropriate, have GST implications. Those GST implications are outside the scope of this Product Ruling.

Ruling

Structure of the Project

18. The Choice Forestry Project 2012 is a 'forestry managed investment scheme' as defined in subsection 394-15(1). Its purpose is the establishment and tending of Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian Blue Gum) trees for felling in Australia.

19. Subject to the stated qualifications, this part of the Product Ruling sets out in detail the taxation obligations and benefits for an 'initial participant'^[1] in the defined class of entities (see paragraphs 4 to 7 above) who is accepted to participate in the 'forestry managed investment scheme' described below at paragraphs 45 to 95 on or after the date this Product Ruling is made and on or before 30 June 2012.

20. An entity that takes part in the Project as a 'subsequent participant'^[2] is not covered by this Product Ruling but may request a private ruling on their participation in the Project. A 'subsequent participant' is an entity that does not meet the definition of 'initial participant' in subsection 394-15(5).

Carrying on a business

21. Although not relevant for the purposes of Division 394, a Grower (as described in paragraphs 4 to 6 of this Product Ruling) who will stay in the Project until it is completed will be considered to be carrying on a business of primary production. Such Growers who are individuals, alone or in partnership, will be subject to the operation of Division 35 of the ITAA 1997 (see paragraphs 40 to 43 of this Product Ruling).

Concessions for 'small business entities'^[3]

22. From the 2007-08 income year, a range of concessions previously available under the simplified tax system (STS), will be available to an entity if it carries on a business and satisfies the $2 million aggregated turnover test (a 'small business entity').

23. A 'small business entity' can choose the concessions that best suit its needs. Eligibility for some small business concessions is also dependent on satisfying some additional conditions. Because of these choices and the eligibility conditions the application of the small business concessions to Growers who qualify as a 'small business entity' is not able to be dealt with in this Product Ruling, other than as specified.

The '70% DFE rule' and the establishment of the trees

Section 394-35 and subsection 394-10(4)

24. The taxation obligations and benefits set out below have been determined using the information provided to the Commissioner by WABG. On the basis of that information the Commissioner has decided that on 30 June 2012 it will be reasonable to expect that the '70% DFE rule'^[4] will be satisfied. The ATO may undertake review activities during the term of the Project to verify the information relied on for the purposes of the '70% DFE rule'.

25. The Product Ruling will only apply if WABG establishes all of the trees that were intended to be established under the Project within 18 months of the end of the income year in which the first 'participant' in the Project is accepted^[5]. For this Project the trees must be established before 31 December 2013.

26. In the context of this Project the trees will be established when they are planted on the land acquired for the purposes of the Project at the average rate of 900 to 1,000 trees per hectare. WABG is required by section 394-10 of Schedule 1 of the TAA to notify the ATO if all of the trees are not established by 31 December 2013.

Allowable deductions

Sections 8-5, 394-10, 394-20 and Division 27

27. A Grower in the Project can claim deductions for the amounts shown in the Table at paragraph 31 below that are paid to WABG (sections 8-5 and 394-10).

28. The deductibility of these amounts remains subject to a requirement that a CGT event^[6] does not happen in relation to the Grower's 'forestry interest' within four years of the Grower first paying an amount under the scheme (see paragraphs 32 to 34 below).

29. The amount is deductible in the income year in which it is paid, or is paid on behalf of the Grower (subsection 394-10(2) and section 394-20). This requires cash to flow from the Grower, or from another entity on the Grower's behalf, to WABG's bank account in the year in which the deduction is claimed. Any form of payment that does not involve the movement of cash into WABG's bank account will not qualify for a deduction under subsection 394-10(2).

30. Where a Grower does not fully pay an amount, or it is not fully paid on their behalf in an income year, it is deductible only to the extent to which it has been paid. Any unpaid amount is then deductible in the year or years in which it is actually paid.

31. Amounts that are allowable deductions under Division 394 cannot also be claimed as deductions under section 8-1 (section 8-10).

'CGT event' within 4 years for Growers who are 'initial participants'

Subsections 394-10(5), 394-10(5A) and 394-10(6)

32. Deductions for the establishment fees, tending fees, rent and unforseen expenses that have been allowed as deductions under 394-10 in the first four years are not allowable where a 'CGT event' happens in relation to the 'forestry interest' of a Grower before 1 July 2016 (subsection 394-10(5)).

33. Where deductions for these amounts have already been claimed by a Grower, the Commissioner may amend their assessment at any time within two years of the 'CGT event' happening (subsection 394-10(6)). The Commissioner's power to amend in these circumstances applies despite section 170 of the ITAA 1936.

34. Growers whose deductions are disallowed because of subsection 394-10(5) are still required to include in assessable income the market value of the 'forestry interest' at the time of the 'CGT event' or the decrease in the market value of the 'forestry interest' as a result of the 'CGT event'.

Interest on loans to finance the 'forestry interest' of a Grower

Section 8-1

35. A Grower may claim tax deductions for the following fees and expenses as set out in the following table:

Assessable income, 'CGT events' and the 'forestry interests' of Growers who are 'initial participants'

Sections 6-10, 17-5, and 394-25

36. Where a 'CGT event' happens to a 'forestry interest' held by a Grower in this Project the market value of the 'forestry interest', or the decrease in the market value of the 'forestry interest', is included in the assessable income of the Grower (sections 6-10 and 394-25), less any GST payable on those proceeds (section 17-5).

37. The relevant amount is included in the Grower's assessable income in the income year in which the 'CGT event' happens (subsection 394-25(2)).

38. 'CGT events' for these purposes include those relating to:

•

a clear-fell harvest of all or part of the trees grown under the Project;

•

the sale, or any other disposal of all or part of the 'forestry interest' held by the Grower; or

•

any other 'CGT event' that results in a reduction of the market value of the 'forestry interest held by the Grower.

Amounts received by Growers from insurance proceeds or for Carbon and other environmental credits

Section 6-5

39. An amount received by a Grower as insurance proceeds or in respect of carbon and/or other environmental credits under this Project is a distribution of ordinary income that arises as an outcome of a Grower holding a 'forestry interest' in the Project. Growers include amounts received in their assessable income in the income year in which the amounts are derived (section 6-5) less any GST payable on those proceeds (section 17-5).

Division 35 - deferral of losses from non-commercial business activities

Section 35-55 - annual exercise of Commissioner's discretion during the period beginning with the income year ended 30 June 2012 and concluding with the income year ended 30 June 2022

40. For each of the income years from 2011-12 to 2021-22, the Commissioner will exercise the discretion in subsection 35-55(1) once the following conditions are satisfied for the year concerned:

•

the Grower carried on their business of afforestation during the income year; and

•

the business activity that is carried on is not materially different to that in the scheme described in this Product Ruling; and

•

the Grower has incurred a taxation loss for the income year from carrying on that business activity.

41. If these conditions are met for a given year, the Commissioner will exercise the discretion for that year under:

•

paragraph 35-55(1)(b) for a Grower in the Project who satisfies the income requirement in subsection 35-10(2E); and

•

paragraph 35-55(1)(c) for a Grower in the Project who does not satisfy the income requirement in subsection 35-10(2E).

42. If the Commissioner determines that the discretion will not be exercised for a particular year or years the Grower will be informed of that decision and the reasons. In any year where the discretion is not exercised losses incurred by a Grower will be subject to the loss deferral rule in section 35-10 and the Grower will not be able to offset the losses from the Project against other assessable income.

43. The issue of this Product Ruling of itself does not constitute the exercise of the Commissioner's discretion in subsection 35-55(1) for any income year.

Prepayment provisions and anti-avoidance provisions

Sections 82KZM, 82KZME, 82KZMF, 82KL and Part IVA of the ITAA 1936

44. Where a Grower is accepted to participate in the Project set out at paragraphs 46 to 95, the following provisions of the ITAA 1936 have application as indicated:

•

interest paid by a Grower to Albany Financial Pty Ltd does not fall within the scope of sections 82KZM, 82KZME and 82KZMF;

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section 82KL does not apply to deny the deductions otherwise allowable; and

•

the relevant provisions in Part IVA will not be applied to cancel a tax benefit obtained under a tax law dealt with in this Product Ruling.

Scheme

45. The scheme that is the subject of this Product Ruling is specified below. This scheme incorporates the following:

•

Application for a Product Ruling as constituted by documents provided on 10 April 2012 and additional correspondence and documents received on 29 May 2012 and 4 June 2012;

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Draft Combined Product Disclosure Statement and Financial Services Guide for the Choice Forestry Project 2012, received on 10 April 2012;

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Constitution for the Choice Forestry Project 2012, received on 10 April 2012;

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Compliance Plan for Choice Forestry Project 2012, received on 10 April 2012;

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Draft Sub-lease to be entered into by WABG and the Sub-Lessor, received on 10 April 2012;

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Draft Sub-lease to be entered into by each Grower and WABG (Landholder), received on 10 April 2012;

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Draft Agreement to Sub-lease to be entered into by each Grower and WABG (Landholder), received on 10 April 2012;

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Draft Project Management Contract 2012 to be entered into by each Grower and WABG, received on 10 April 2012;

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Draft Plantation Services Agreement 2012 to be entered into between WABG (Project Manager) and WACAP Treefarms Pty Ltd (Forestry Contractor), received on 10 April 2012;

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Draft Wood Purchase Agreement to be entered into by each Grower, WABG (Project Manager) and WA Chip & Pulp Co Pty Ltd (Purchaser), received on 10 April 2012;

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Expert horticultural report, dated 26 March 2012;

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Draft Loan Agreement with Albany Financial Pty Ltd and a Grower, received on 10 April 2012;

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Scheme Property Custody Agreement between WABG and Sandhurst Trustees Limited (the Custodian), dated 12 April 2000; and

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Draft Guarantee Agreements for WABG and Albany Financial Pty Ltd required where the Grower is a company, each received on 10 April 2012.

46. All Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) requirements are, or will be, complied with for the term of the agreements.

47. The documents highlighted are those that a Grower may enter into. For the purposes of describing the scheme to which this Product Ruling applies, there are no other agreements, whether formal or informal, and whether or not legally enforceable, which a Grower, or any associate of a Grower, will be a party to, which are a part of the scheme. The effect of these agreements is summarised as follows.

Overview

48. The main features of the Choice Forestry Project 2012 are as follows:

49. The Project is a registered managed investment scheme under the Corporations Act 2001. WABG Limited has been issued with an Australian Financial Service Licence 246264 and will be the Responsible Entity (RE) for the Project.

50. An offer to participate in the Project will be made through a Combined Product Disclosure Statement (PDS) and Financial Services Guide. The offer under the PDS is for 250 hectares, which corresponds to 250 'forestry interests' in the Project.

51. An entity that participates in the Project as a Grower will do so by acquiring a 'forestry interest' in the Project on or before 30 June 2012.

52. To participate in the Project, Applicants must complete the Application Form and Power of Attorney Form attached to the PDS and if applying for finance, complete the Application for Finance Form and pay the initial contribution amount by 30 June 2012.

53. By signing the Application Form, the Applicant has agreed to be bound by the terms of the Constitution.

54. For the purposes of this Product Ruling, Applicants who are accepted to participate in the Project and who execute either the Agreement to Sub-lease or the Sub-lease and the Project Management Contract on or before 30 June 2012 will become Growers in the Choice Forestry Project 2012.

55. WABG will identify sufficient land to be used for the Project. A Grower will Sub-lease from WABG an area of land called a Leased Area. The Plantable Area in this Project will be established close to existing plantations that the WABG Group has established in the south west region in Western Australia. Land utilised by the Project must meet the requirements set out in the Independent Forester's Report.

56. Each Grower will have a beneficial interest in their Plantable Area, the Trees which are planted on their Plantable Area, the produce derived from those Trees, and the returns from the sale of the timber grown on the Plantable Area.

57. Growers are responsible for insurance to cover the standing timber on their Plantable Area against loss or damage by fire and other risks. WABG will use its best endeavours to arrange plantation insurance cover annually for a Grower's Interest in the Project.

Constitution

58. The Constitution establishes and governs the Project and operates as a deed binding all Growers and WABG. The Constitution sets out the terms and conditions under which WABG agrees to act as RE and thereby manage the Project. Upon acceptance into the Project, Growers are bound by the Constitution by virtue of their participation in the Project.

59. All monies received from applications shall be held by the RE in the Application Fund, for the purpose of depositing all money received from applicants and accrued interest and all income and other earnings from the Project including Harvest Income on trust for the Growers (clause 6).

60. If the Application Money remains in the Application Fund for 12 months after being received by the RE then the Application Money must be refunded to the Applicant unless the Applicant directs the RE in writing to hold the money for a further period (clause 6.5(b)).

61. Once WABG has accepted the application and all of the Project Agreements have been executed, the Application Money may be released against the establishment fee due to WABG.

62. The Constitution also sets out among other things, the following provisions relating to:

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the purpose of the Project (clause 2);

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the holding of the Project Property (clause 5);

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the form for payment of the Application Money and interest and refunds (clause 6);

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the distribution of Harvest Income and pooling (clause 7);

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the keeping of the register of Growers (clause 9);

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the assignment of Growers interests (clause 10);

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the powers of investment and power to borrow (clause 11 and 12 retrospectively);

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additional powers and other activities of the RE (clause 14 and 15 retrospectively);

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the meeting of Growers including voting requirements (clause 19);

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complaints handling and dispute resolution (clause 20 and 21 retrospectively);

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the period and termination of the project (clause 23);

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the winding up of the project (clause 24); and

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amendments to the project agreements including the constitution (clause 25 and 26 retrospectively).

Compliance Plan

63. As required by the Corporations Act, the RE has prepared a Compliance Plan. The purpose of the Compliance Plan is to ensure that the RE manages the Project in accordance with its obligations and responsibilities contained in the Constitution and the interests of Growers are protected.

Project Management Contract 2012

64. Growers engage WABG, as the Project Manager, for the term of the Project to carry out such services as are required to Establish and tend the Plantation for felling in accordance with the Plantation and Tending Plan and sound silvicultural and environmental practices.

65. The Project Management Contract will commence upon its execution and terminate when the whole of the Plantation has been Harvested (clause 5).

66. Commencing on the date that a Sub-lease is entered into by the Grower, WABG will perform or cause to be performed all the Plantation Services listed in clause 4.2 in relation to the Land and the Plantation. The Plantation Services include the Establishment of the Plantation within the Establishment Period, ending no later than 31 December 2013.

67. The Establishment of the Plantation requires the planting of the seedlings at an average stocking rate of approximately 900 to 1,000 Trees per hectare.

68. The Harvesting of the Plantation shall be conducted in accordance with the terms of the Wood Purchase Agreement (clause 11).

69. At the cost of the Grower, WABG will keep current policies of fire insurance on behalf of the Grower with a reputable insurer, provided that such insurance is reasonably available (clause 4.3).

70. The Project Management Contract also sets out provisions relating to;

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the rights and duties of the Project Manager (clause 6);

•

distribution of insurance proceeds (clause 7);

•

the Grower's ability to express opinions and give recommendations to the Project Manager, object to and disallow any changes to the Plantation Development and Tending Plan (clause 8);

•

the Project Manager's obligation to report to the Grower (clause 9);

•

carbon and other environmental credits and debits (clause 12);

•

the Project Manager's entitlement to fees (clause 14 and Schedule 2);

•

termination (clause 15); and

•

dispute resolution (clause 17).

Plantation Services Agreement

71. The Project Manager will engage the Contractor as an independent contractor to carry out the Plantation Services required to Establish and tend the Plantation on the Land during the Term in accordance with the Plantation Development and Tending Plan and sound silvicultural and environmental practices for the purposes of felling and Harvesting the Plantation.

Head Leases

72. WABG will secure land (the Project Land) by entering into a lease or Sub-lease with various farmers and/or WA Chip & Pulp (WACAP)) and/or WACAP Treefarms Pty Ltd to secure plantation land for the Project before 30 September 2013.

73. The head leases set out the terms and conditions under which the Lessor or Sub-Lessor will lease or Sub-lease the Project Land to WABG for the purpose of growing, tending and harvesting plantation of trees planted on the Sub-leased Area.

74. The Lessor or Sub-Lessor acknowledges that plantation of trees planted on the Sub-leased Area and any rights, benefits and credits derived from such trees are the property of WABG. The head leases will be current for the term of the Project. Where a head lease does not exist Growers will enter into an agreement to Sub-lease until a head lease is executed.

Sub-lease Choice Forestry Project 2012

75. Either at the time their application is accepted or when sufficient suitable land is available prior to 30 September 2013, Growers will enter into a Sub-lease with WABG as the Landholder to use the Leased Area for the purpose of Establishing, tending and Harvesting a plantation of eucalyptus trees for commercial wood production. The Leased Area is set out in part 1 of the Schedule.

76. WABG will make application for approvals required so that it is entitled to grant this Sub-lease to the Grower and that all relevant consents have been obtained (clauses 3 and 4).

77. WABG and the Grower acknowledge that the Plantation and the carbon environmental or any other credits derived from the Plantation are and shall remain the property of the Grower until the end of the Term and the Grower shall be entitled to Harvest the Plantation and to retain all income from the sale of the Wood (clause 9.17).

78. If there is damage to or reduction in the viability of the Plantation, the Grower is required to reduce the Plantable Area by the area which has been damaged or is no longer viable or, where the whole of the Plantation is damaged or no longer commercially viable, to terminate the Sub-lease. The area which has been destroyed or is no longer viable will be deemed surrendered back to WABG and reinstate the land and reseed it to pasture, if directed by the Landholder (clause 10).

79. The Sub-lease (Part 3 of the Schedule) operates on and from its commencement date until completion of Harvesting. The Grower may extend the Term by giving written notice to WABG (clause 5).

80. The Sub-lease also sets out provisions relating to:

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the Rent payable by Growers (clause 6);

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the Grower;

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the Landholder's covenants and mutual covenants (clauses 7, 8 and 9);

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termination (clauses 13 and 14); and

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dispute resolution (clause 15).

Agreement to Sub-lease 2012

81. Where there is no Project land available for a Grower on or before 30 June 2012, the Grower will be required to enter into an Agreement to Sub-lease with WABG.

82. Pursuant to the terms of the Agreement to Sub-lease the parties undertake to enter into a Sub-lease of the land on or before the Starting Date, being a date no later than 30 September 2013, which will allow all the Establishment services referred to in the Project Management Agreement to be completed within the Establishment Period. The parties are bound by all the provisions of the Sub-lease from the Starting Date.

Wood Purchase Agreement 2012

83. Growers authorise WABG, as the Project Manager, to sell the Wood under the Wood Purchase Agreement on their behalf. WABG agrees to sell and the Purchaser agrees to purchase for the Purchase Price all Wood grown on the Land, Harvested and Delivered in accordance with the Harvest Plan and on terms and conditions set out in the Wood Purchase Agreement.

84. The Purchaser may Harvest, Deliver and purchase the Wood, for a price offered as being fair and reasonable at the relevant time. WABG may seek alternative prices for Harvest and Delivery and an alternative Purchase Price for the Wood. Where such alternatives are obtained the Purchaser retains the right to match the price offered by the other party.

Pooling of Wood and Grower's entitlement to a distribution

85. The Constitution (clause 7) sets out provisions relating to the pooling of amounts from the sale of the Grower's timber and the distribution of Proceeds Funds from that sale. This Product Ruling only applies where the following principles apply to the pooling and distribution arrangements:

•

only Growers who have contributed Wood from their Leased Area to the pool making up the Relevant Harvest Income are entitled to benefit from distributions from those proceeds; and

•

wood is only pooled with the Wood of Growers accepted to participate in the Choice Forestry Project 2012.

Schemes Property Custody Agreement

86. WABG as RE, has engaged Sandhurst Trustees Limited to act as the Custodian of the Property. The Property includes all Application Money and Harvest Income until disbursed or distributed in accordance with the Constitution and Project Agreements, but does not include property legally vested in a Grower.

Fees

87. The Project fees are set out under the terms of the Project Management Contract and the Sub-lease. A Grower will make payments as described below on a per hectare basis.

Fees payable under the Project Management Contract (Schedule 2)

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an up front Establishment fee of $5,422.39 per hectare ($10,844.78 for 2 interest minimum) is payable on application;

•

an annual tending fee of $215 per hectare, Indexed, for the tending of the Plantation, commencing from the date the Trees are established until the Plantation has been Harvested. The first annual tending fee is payable on 30 November 2012, where Trees have been planted, and thereafter on 30 September in each year. No annual tending fee is payable in respect of any year ended 30 June for any hectare upon which no Trees have yet been planted;

•

an incentive fee of 15% of the amount that results when the Relevant Harvest Income due to the Grower exceeds $16,363.64 per hectare, Indexed from 30 June 2012. This fee will be paid by way of deduction from the Proceeds Fund upon the date on which the Harvest Income is distributed to the Grower;

•

the Grower's proportion of Harvest (including roading and supervision), Delivery and other expenses incurred by WABG arising our of the sale of the Wood. This fee will be paid by way of deduction from the Proceeds Fund upon the date on which the Harvest Income is distributed to the Grower;

•

any unforseen expenses in relation to fertiliser and/or insect issues may be borne between the Growers in proportion to the number of hectares held by each Grower. The Growers may vote to meet such expenses at a meeting convened by WABG; and

•

the insurance premium at cost plus a 10% service fee to insure the Plantation against fire, payable to WABG as and when incurred. No insurance premium is payable in respect of any year ended 30 June for any hectare upon which no Trees have yet been Established thereon by the Project Manager.

Fees payable under the Sub-lease (Part 2 of the Schedule)

•

Prepaid Rent of $3,668.52 per hectare ($7,337.04 for 2 interests minimum) is payable on application;

•

Annual Rent of $190 per hectare Indexed, is payable for the period beginning 1 July 2012 until the Plantation has been Harvested. The first Rent is payable on 30 November 2012, and thereafter on 30 September in each year. No rent is payable in respect of any year ended 30 June for any hectare where the head lease and subsequent Sub-lease have not been executed.

88. A merchant fee for the use of a credit or similar card to pay the fees under the Project will also be incurred.

Finance

89. To finance all or part of the cost of their 'forestry interest' a Grower can enter into a finance arrangement with Albany Financial Pty Ltd (a lender associated with WABG) or, alternatively, borrow from an independent lender external to the Project.

90. Only the finance arrangement, set out below, is covered by this Product Ruling. A Grower cannot rely on this Product Ruling if they enter into a finance arrangement with Albany Financial Pty Ltd that materially differs from that set out in the documentation provided with the application for this Product Ruling. A Grower who enters into a finance arrangement with an independent lender external to the Project may request a private ruling on the deductibility or otherwise of interest incurred under finance arrangements not covered by this Product Ruling.

91. A Grower cannot rely on any part of this Product Ruling if the Application Monies are not paid in full on or before 30 June 2012 by the Grower or, on the Grower's behalf, by a lending institution.

Finance offered by Albany Financial Pty Ltd

92. Subject to Albany Financial Pty Ltd accepting a Grower's application to finance the Application Money, the Grower will be bound by the terms and conditions of the Loan Agreement. Albany Financial Pty Ltd will provide the Grower with the loan on a full recourse basis and will pursue recovery action against any defaulting borrowers.

93. The key features of the Loan Agreement are:

•

a Principal Sum of up to 80% of the Application Money;

•

no application or establishment fee;

•

a loan term of 5 years, ending on 15 June 2017;

•

a requirement to pay equal monthly principal and interest instalments by way of direct debit, commencing 15 July 2012;

•

a fixed interest rate of 12.75% per annum; and

•

a fixed interest rate of 17% per annum applies in the event of overdue repayments of the Principal Sum.

94. As security for the payment of any outstanding monies under the Loan Agreement, the Grower will assign to Albany Financial Pty Ltd its right, title and interest in an under the Project Management Contract, the Sub-lease, the Wood Purchase Agreement, all money payable to the Grower under the Wood Purchase Agreement or under any policies of insurance. The assignment shall be void upon the repayment of all outstanding monies under the Loan Agreement.

Other qualifications relating to finance

95. This Product Ruling does not apply if the finance arrangement entered into by the Grower includes or has any of the following features:

•

there are split loan features of a type referred to in Taxation Ruling TR 98/22;

•

there are indemnity arrangements or other collateral agreements in relation to the loan designed to limit the borrower's risk;

•

'additional benefits' are or will be granted to the borrowers for the purpose of section 82KL of the ITAA 1936 or the funding arrangements transform the Project into a 'scheme' to which Part IVA of the ITAA 1936 may apply;

•

the loan or rate of interest is non-arm's length;

•

repayments of the principal and payments of interest are linked to the derivation of income from the Project;

•

the funds borrowed, or any part of them, will not be available for the conduct of the Project but will be transferred (by any mechanism, directly or indirectly) back to the lender or any associate of the lender;

•

lenders do not have the capacity under the loan agreement, or a genuine intention, to take legal action against defaulting borrowers; or

•

entities associated with the Project, other than Albany Financial Pty Ltd, are involved or become involved in the provision of finance to Growers for the Project.

Commissioner of Taxation
20 June 2012

Appendix 1 - Explanation

Structure of the Project

96. In return for payment of the Establishment Fee and Ongoing Management Costs under the Project Management Contract and Sub-lease during the term of the Project, Growers will hold a 'forestry interest' in a 'forestry managed investment scheme'. The Project qualifies as a 'forestry managed investment scheme' because its purpose is for 'establishing and tending trees for felling in Australia' (see subsection 394-15(1))

97. Under the Constitution of the Project and the other supporting agreements, the holding of a 'forestry interest' in the Project gives each Grower a right to a share in the proceeds of the trees grown on the Project land. That share of proceeds is determined using the number of 'forestry interests' held by a Grower as a proportion of all 'forestry interests' held by 'participants'^[7] in the Project.

Is the Grower carrying on a business?

98. The general indicators used by the Courts in determining whether an entity is carrying on a business are set out in Taxation Ruling TR 97/11 Income Tax: am I carrying on a business?

99. More recently, and in relation to a managed investment scheme similar to that which is the subject of this Product Ruling, the Full Federal Court in Hance v. FC of T; Hannebery v. FC of T [2008] FCAFC 196; 2008 ATC 20-085 applied these principles to conclude that 'Growers' in that scheme were carrying on a business of producing almonds (at FCAFC 90; ATC 90).

100. Application of these principles to the arrangement set out above leads to the conclusion that Growers (as described in paragraphs 4 to 6), who stay in the Project until its completion, will be carrying on a business of primary production involving forestry activities.

Allowable deductions

Sections 8-5, 12-5, 394-10 and 394-20

101. Section 8-5 allows certain specific deductions to be claimed against the assessable income of a taxpayer. The list of specific deductions is shown in a table in section 12-5 and includes payments under a 'forestry managed investment scheme' that meet the requirements of subsection 394-10(1).

The '70% DFE rule'

Paragraph 394-10(1)(c) and section 394-35

102. The threshold test for Growers in the Project to be entitled to deductions under subsection 394-10(1) is the '70% DFE rule' in paragraph 394-10(1)(c). Under that rule it must be reasonable to expect that on 30 June 2012, the amount of 'direct forestry expenditure'^[8] under the scheme will be no less than 70% of the amount of payments under the scheme^[9].

103. The amount of all 'direct forestry expenditure' is the amount of the net present value of all 'direct forestry expenditure' that WABG, as 'forestry manager'^[10] of the Project, has paid or will pay under the scheme (subsection 394-35(2)).

104. The 'amount of payments under the scheme' is the amount of the net present value of all amounts (that is, the fees and expenses) that all current and future 'participants' in the scheme have paid or will pay under the scheme (subsection 394-35(3)).

105. Both of the above amounts are determined as at 30 June 2012 taking into account:

•

the timing requirements in subsections 394-35(4) and (5);

•

any amounts that can reasonably be expected to be recouped (subsection 394-35(6));

•

the discount rate in subsection 394-35(7);and

•

the market value rule in subsection 394-35(8).

106. Applying all of these requirements to the information provided by WABG, as RE of the Project, the Commissioner has determined that the Project will satisfy the '70% DFE rule' on 30 June 2012.

The other elements for deductibility under subsection 394-10(1)

107. The requirement of paragraph 394-10(1)(d) that Growers in the Project not have day to day control over the operation of the Project is clear from the Project Agreements as are the alternative elements of paragraph (e) relating to the number of Growers in the scheme and WABG's role in other Managed Investment Schemes.

108. The final requirement for deductibility requires all the Project trees to be established within 18 months of 30 June 2012 (see paragraph 394-10(1)(f) and subsection 394-10(4)). The planting timeline provided with the application for this Product Ruling by WABG indicates that all the trees required to be established under the scheme will be planted on the Project land by 31 December 2013.

109. Accordingly, subject to the qualifications set out below, amounts paid by Growers to WABG in relation to their 'forestry interests' satisfy all requirements of subsection 394-10(1). The amounts are allowable deductions in the income year in which they are paid (subsection 394-10(2)).

110. Amounts that are allowable deductions under Division 394 cannot also be claimed as deductions under section 8-1 (section 8-10).

111. Where a Grower does not fully pay an amount, or the amount is not fully paid on their behalf in an income year (see section 394-20), it is deductible only to the extent to which it has been paid. The unpaid balance is then deductible in the year or years in which it is actually paid. This may occur, for example, if all or part of the amount is borrowed and the financier fails to transfer the funds to the account of the 'forestry manager' on or before 30 June in an income year.

Loss of deductions previously allowed under subsection 394-10(1)

112. Two situations may lead to a loss of deductions previously allowed to Growers under subsection 394-10(1).

113. The first of these situations will occur if WABG fails to establish the trees on the Project Land within 18 months. Where this occurs WABG is required to notify the Commissioner within three months of the end of the 18 month period (section 394-10 of Schedule 1 to the TAA).

114. The second situation where a Grower may have deductions disallowed is where a 'CGT event' happens to their 'forestry interest' within four years from 30 June of the income year they paid an amount under the scheme, for example, the establishment fee (see subsection 394-10(5)).

115. For the purposes of this provision, the Commissioner is able to amend the assessment of a Grower within two years of the relevant 'CGT event' happening. The Commissioner's power to amend in these circumstances applies despite section 170 of the ITAA 1936 (subsection 394-10(6)).

116. Where a 'CGT event' happens to the 'forestry interest' of a Grower within four years, the market value of the forestry interest at the time of the 'CGT event' or the decrease in the market value of the 'forestry interest' as a result of the 'CGT event' is still included in the assessable income of the Grower by section 394-25. The amount must be included in assessable income even where an amendment has disallowed or may disallow the deductions previously allowed under section 394-10.

Interest on loans to finance the 'forestry interest' of a Grower

Section 8-1

117. Where a Grower borrows money to fund their investment in the Project the deductibility of the interest incurred on the loan monies falls for consideration under the general deduction provisions of section 8-1. If the interest incurred by the Grower is deductible under the first limb in subsection 8-1(1) there is no requirement to consider whether it is also deductible under the second limb of that provision. Court decisions show that the same basic test applies to both limbs (see Ronpibon Tin NL v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1949) 78 CLR 47; (1949) 8 ATD 431, at CLR 56; ATD 435).

118. Under the first limb of subsection 8-1(1) the interest incurred by a Grower will be deductible if it is incurred in gaining or producing a Grower's assessable income and one of the exclusions in subsection 8-1(2) does not apply.

'The question of whether an outgoing [is] ... incurred in gaining or producing the assessable income is a question of characterisation' (Fletcher & Ors v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1991) 173 CLR 1; (1991) 91 ATC 4950; (1991) 22 ATR 613, at CLR 17; ATC 4957; ATR 621).

'To the extent that ... outgoings of interest ... can properly be characterised as of a kind referred to in the first limb of [section 8-1] they must draw their character from the use of the borrowed funds (Fletcher, at CLR 19; ATC 4958; ATR 623).

'[T]he characterisation of interest will generally be ascertained by reference to the objective circumstances of the use to which the borrowed funds are put' (Federal Commissioner of Taxation v. Roberts (1992) 37 FCR 246; (1992) 92 ATC 4380; (1992) 23 ATR 494, at FCR 257; ATC 4388; ATR 504).

119. Growers in the Project use the borrowed funds to acquire a 'forestry interest' in a 'forestry managed investment scheme'. The holding of that 'forestry interest' will produce assessable income for a Grower in the form of the proceeds of a full or part disposal of the 'forestry interest' or, as a proportionate share of the harvest proceeds. The tests of deductibility of interest under the first limb of subsection 8-1(1) are, therefore met, unless one of the exclusions in subsection 8-1(2) apply.

120. For the purposes of this Project, only the capital exclusion in paragraph 8-1(2)(a) is relevant. The use of borrowed funds to purchase a capital asset, such as a 'forestry interest', does not mean that the interest outgoings are on capital account (see Steele v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1999) 197 CLR 459; (1999) 99 ATC 4242; (1999) 41 ATR 139, at CLR 470; ATC 4249; ATR 148).

'Interest [is a] periodic payment for the use, but not the permanent acquisition of a capital item. Therefore, a consideration of the often-cited three matters identified by Dixon J in Sun Newspapers Ltd v FC of T ... assigns interest ... to revenue' (Australian National Hotels Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1988); 19 FCR 234; (1988) 88 ATC 4627; (1988) 19 ATR 1575, at FCR 241; ATC 4633-4634; ATR 1582).

121. Therefore, the capital exclusion in subsection 8-1(2) does not apply to the interest and is subject only to the potential application of the prepayment provisions. A deduction for the interest can be claimed in the year in which it is incurred (Note: The meaning of 'incurred' is explained in Taxation Ruling TR 97/7).

Prepayment provisions

Sections 82KZL to 82KZMF of the ITAA 1936

122. The prepayment provisions contained in Subdivision H of Division 3 of Part III of the ITAA 1936 affect the timing of deductions for certain prepaid expenditure. These provisions apply to certain expenditure incurred under an agreement in return for the doing of a thing under the agreement that will not be wholly done within the same year of income as the year in which the expenditure is incurred. For schemes such as this Project, the main operative provisions are sections 82KZMD and section 82KZMF of the ITAA 1936.

123. However, subsection 394-10(7) specifically provides that sections 82KZMD and section 82KZMF of the ITAA 1936 do not affect the timing of amounts deductible under section 394-10.

124. Accordingly, under the scheme to which this Product Ruling applies, only deductions for interest payable under a loan with Albany Financial Pty Ltd will potentially fall within the prepayment provisions. However, the conditions applying to the loans to which this Product Ruling applies (see paragraphs 92 to 95 above) do not require any prepayment of interest over the term of the loan. Accordingly, the prepayment provisions have no application to Growers who enter into those loans.

125. If a Grower chooses to prepay interest on these loans that Grower may request a private ruling on how the prepayment provisions will affect the timing of their interest deduction.

Assessable income, 'CGT events' and the 'forestry interests' of Growers who are 'initial participants'

Sections 6-10, 10-5, and 394-25

126. Section 6-10 includes in assessable income amounts that are not ordinary income. These amounts, called statutory income, are listed in the table in section 10-5 and include amounts that are included in the assessable income of 'initial participants' of a 'forestry managed investment scheme' by subsection 394-25(2).

Subsection 394-25(2)

127. Where a 'CGT event' (other than for a 'CGT event' in respect of a thinning^[11]) happens to a 'forestry interest' held by a Grower in this Project, subsection 394-25(2) includes an amount in the assessable income of the Grower if:

•

the Grower can deduct or has deducted an amount under section 394-10; or

•

the Grower would have met the condition immediately above if subsection 394-10(5) had not applied to disallow the deduction(s). Paragraphs 32 to 34 and paragraphs 114 to 116 of this Product Ruling explain when deductions will be disallowed under subsection 394-10(5).

Market value rule applies to' CGT events'

128. If, as a result of the 'CGT event' the Grower either:

•

no longer holds the 'forestry interest'; or

•

continues to hold the 'forestry interest', but there is a decrease in the market value of the 'forestry interest';

then the market value of the 'forestry interest' at the time of the event, or the reduction of the market value of the 'forestry interest' as a result of the event, is included in the assessable income of the Grower in the income year in which the 'CGT event' happens (subsection 394-25(2)). A market value rule applies rather than the amount of money actually received from the 'CGT event' (subsection 394-25(3)) However, the market value and the actual amount of money received may be the same.

129. The market value amount included in the assessable income of a Grower is the value of the 'forestry interest' just before the 'CGT event', or where the Grower continues to hold their interest after the event, the amount by which the market value of the 'forestry interest' is reduced as a result of the 'CGT event' (subsection 394-25(2)).

130. Section 394-25 will apply where the 'forestry interest' is sold, is extinguished, or ceases, and will include 'CGT events' such as a full or partial sale of the 'forestry interest' or from a full or partial clear-fell harvest of the trees grown under the Project.

Amounts received by Growers for carbon and other environmental credits

Section 6-5

131. Carbon and/or other environmental credit amounts received by a Grower in this Project do not arise as a result of a 'CGT event' and are not otherwise assessable under Division 394. The receipts of such an amount are a distribution that arises as an incident of the Grower holding a 'forestry interest' in the Project. It is an item of ordinary income and is assessable under section 6-5 in the year in which it is derived.

Section 35-10 and 35-55 - Deferral of losses from non-commercial business activities and the Commissioner's discretion

132. Based on information provided with the application for this Product Ruling, a Grower accepted into the Project in the year ended 30 June 2012 who carries on a business of [forestry] individually (alone or in partnership) is expected to incur losses from their participation in the Project which will be subject to Division 35^[12]. These losses will be subject to the loss deferral rule in section 35-10 unless an exception applies or, for each income year in which losses are incurred, the Commissioner exercises the discretion in subsection 35-55(1) on 30 June of that specific income year.

133. The exceptions to the loss deferral rule depend upon the circumstances of individual Growers and are outside the scope of this Product Ruling.

134. The Commissioner will apply the principles set out in Taxation Ruling TR 2007/6 Income tax: non commercial business losses: Commissioner's discretion, when exercising the discretion.

135. Where a Grower with income for non-commercial losses (NCL) purposes of less than $250,000 (i.e., the Grower satisfies the income requirement in subsection 35-10(2E)) incurs a loss in an income year from carrying on their business activity in a way that is not materially different to the scheme described in this Product Ruling, and the discretion in paragraph 35-55(1)(b) is exercised for that year, the Commissioner will be satisfied that:

•

it is because of its nature that the business activity of the Grower will not satisfy one of the four tests in Division 35; and

•

there is an objective expectation that within a period that is commercially viable for the forestry industry, the Grower's business activity will satisfy one of the four tests set out in Division 35 or produce assessable income for an income year greater than the deductions attributable to it for that year (apart from the operation of subsections 35-10(2) and (2C).

136. Where a Grower with income for NCL purposes of $250,000 or more (that is, the Grower does not satisfy the income requirement in subsection 35-10(2E)) incurs a loss in an income year from carrying on their business activity in a way that is not materially different to the scheme described in this Product Ruling, and the discretion in paragraph 35-55(1)(c) is exercised for that year, the Commissioner will be satisfied that:

•

it is because of its nature that the business activity of the Grower will not produce assessable income greater than the deductions attributable to it; and

•

there is an objective expectation that within a period that is commercially viable for the [forestry] industry, the Grower's business activity will produce assessable income for an income year greater than the deductions attributable to it for that year (apart from the operation of subsections 35-10(2) and (2C).

137. A Grower will satisfy the income requirement in subsection 35-10(2E) where the sum of the following amounts is less than $250,000:

•

taxable income for that year (ignoring any loss arising from participation in the Project or any other business activity);

•

total reportable fringe benefits for that year;

•

reportable superannuation contributions for that year; and

•

total net investment losses for that year.

138. In each individual year where the Commissioner's discretion is exercised a Grower within either paragraph 135 or paragraph 136 who would otherwise be required to defer a loss arising from their participation in the Project under section 35-10 until a later income year is able to offset that loss against their other assessable income.

Recouped expenditure

Section 82KL of the ITAA 1936

139. The operation of section 82KL of the ITAA 1936 depends, among other things, on the identification of a certain quantum of 'additional benefit(s)'. Insufficient 'additional benefits' will be provided to trigger the application of section 82KL of the ITAA 1936. It will not apply to deny the deduction otherwise allowable under section 8-1.

General tax avoidance provisions

Part IVA of the ITAA 1936

140. For Part IVA of the ITAA 1936 to apply there must be a 'scheme' (section 177A of the ITAA 1936), a 'tax benefit' (section 177C of the ITAA 1936) and a dominant purpose of entering into the scheme to obtain a tax benefit (section 177D of the ITAA 1936).

141. The Choice Forestry Project 2012 will be a 'scheme' and a Grower will obtain a 'tax benefit' from entering into the 'scheme', in the form of tax deductions for the amounts detailed at paragraphs 31 to 35, of this Product Ruling, that would not have been obtained but for the scheme. However, it is not possible to conclude the scheme will be entered into or carried out with the dominant purpose of obtaining this tax benefit.

142. Growers to whom this Product Ruling applies will derive assessable income from holding or disposing of their 'forestry interest' in the Project. There are no facts that would suggest that Growers have the opportunity of obtaining a tax advantage other than the tax advantages identified in this Product Ruling. There is no non-recourse financing or round robin characteristics, and no indication that the parties are not dealing at arm's length or, if any parties are not dealing at arm's length, that any adverse tax consequences result. Further, having regard to the factors to be considered under paragraph 177D(b) of the ITAA 1936 it cannot be concluded, on the information available, that Growers will enter into the scheme for the dominant purpose of obtaining a tax benefit.

Appendix 2 - Detailed contents list

143. The following is a detailed contents list for this Ruling:

Not previously issued as a draft

References

ATO references:
NO 1-3U44SH8

Related Rulings/Determinations:

TR 97/7
TR 97/11
TR 98/22
TR 2007/6

Subject References:
4 year holding period
70 per cent DFE rule
carrying on a business
DFE
direct forestry expenditure
forestry interest
forestry MIS
interest expenses
managed investment schemes
market value substitution rule
payments under the scheme
producing assessable income
product rulings
reasonable expectation
tax avoidance
taxation administration

Legislative References:
ITAA 1936 82KL
ITAA 1936 Pt III Div 3 Subdiv H
ITAA 1936 82KZL
ITAA 1936 82KZM
ITAA 1936 82KZMD
ITAA 1936 82KZME
ITAA 1936 82KZMF
ITAA 1936 Pt IVA
ITAA 1936 170
ITAA 1936 177A
ITAA 1936 177C
ITAA 1936 177D
ITAA 1936 177D(b)
ITAA 1936 318
ITAA 1997 6-5
ITAA 1997 6-10
ITAA 1997 8-1
ITAA 1997 8-1(1)
ITAA 1997 8-1(2)
ITAA 1997 8-1(2)(a)
ITAA 1997 8-5
ITAA 1997 8-10
ITAA 1997 10-5
ITAA 1997 12-5
ITAA 1997 17-5
ITAA 1997 Div 27
ITAA 1997 Div 35
ITAA 1997 35-10
ITAA 1997 35-10(2)
ITAA 1997 35-10(2C)
ITAA 1997 35-10(2E)
ITAA 1997 35-55
ITAA 1997 35-55(1)
ITAA 1997 35-55(1)(b)
ITAA 1997 35-55(1)(c)
ITAA 1997 Div 394
ITAA 1997 394-10
ITAA 1997 394-10(1)
ITAA 1997 394-10(1)(c)
ITAA 1997 394-10(1)(d)
ITAA 1997 394-10(1)(f)
ITAA 1997 394-10(2)
ITAA 1997 394-10(4)
ITAA 1997 394-10(5)
ITAA 1997 394-10(5A)
ITAA 1997 394-10(6)
ITAA 1997 394-10(7)
ITAA 1997 394-15(1)
ITAA 1997 394-15(2)
ITAA 1997 394-15(4)
ITAA 1997 394-15(5)
ITAA 1997 394-20
ITAA 1997 394-25
ITAA 1997 394-25(2)
ITAA 1997 394-25(3)
ITAA 1997 394-30
ITAA 1997 394-35
ITAA 1997 394-35(1)
ITAA 1997 394-35(2)
ITAA 1997 394-35(3)
ITAA 1997 394-35(4)
ITAA 1997 394-35(5)
ITAA 1997 394-35(6)
ITAA 1997 394-35(7)
ITAA 1997 394-35(8)
ITAA 1997 394-40
ITAA 1997 394-40(d)
ITAA 1997 394-45
ITAA 1997 995-1
TAA 1953
TAA 1953 Sch 1 394-10
SISA 1993
Copyright Act 1968
Corporations Act 2001

Case References:
Australian National Hotels Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation
(1988) 19 FCR 234
88 ATC 4627
(1988) 19 ATR 1575

Hance v FC of T; Hannebery v. FC of T
[2008] FCAFC 196
2008 ATC 20-085
Federal Commissioner of Taxation v. Roberts
(1992) 37 FCR 246
(1992) 92 ATC 4380
(1992) 23 ATR 494
Fletcher & Ors v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation
(1991) 173 CLR 1
(1991) 91 ATC 4950
(1991) 22 ATR 613
Ronpibon Tin NL v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation
(1949) 78 CLR 47
(1949) 8 ATD 431
Steele v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation
(1999) 197 CLR 459
(1999) 99 ATC 4242
(1999) 41 ATR 139

Other References:
Hannebery and Hance (NSD 492-493 of 2008)