Taxation Ruling

TR 2004/10

Income tax: the assessability of salary and wages derived under teacher exchange programs between Australia and the United States

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FOI status:

may be released

Preamble

What this Ruling is about

1. This Ruling deals with the assessability of salary and wages derived under teacher exchange programs between Australia and the United States (US). The Ruling looks at the application of section 23AG of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936) and its interaction with the Double Taxation Convention between Australia and the United States (the Convention).

Class of person/arrangement

2. This Ruling deals with the assessability of salary and wages derived by Australian and US resident teachers who are employees participating in teacher exchange programs where those teachers continue to be paid by their employer in their country of residence and where those employers are not operating through a permanent establishment in the host country or otherwise carrying on a business there.

3. The Ruling does not apply to Australian resident teachers paid by a US employer, or to US resident teachers paid by an Australian employer. The Ruling also does not consider the fringe benefits tax implications of any remuneration packages involving the exchange teachers.

4. In this Ruling, a reference to an Australian or US resident is a reference to someone who is a resident of that country for the purposes of the Convention. A reference to a teacher includes a reference to an individual, such as a primary school or high school teacher, who participates in an exchange program as a teacher at an educational institution.

5. The views expressed in this Ruling relating to the application of Articles 15 and 19 of the Convention relate solely to that Convention.

Date of effect

6. This Ruling applies to years of income commencing both before and after its date of issue. However, the Ruling does not apply to taxpayers to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of the Ruling (see paragraphs 21 and 22 of Taxation Ruling TR 92/20).

Previous Rulings

7. This Ruling replaces Taxation Ruling No. IT 2574, which was withdrawn on and from the issue date of the draft version of this ruling.

Ruling

8. Article 15 (Dependent Personal Services) of the Convention applies to teachers who are employees, whether employed by the government or private sector, participating in teacher exchange programs between Australia and the US. Article 19 (Governmental Remuneration) does not apply.

Australian resident teachers on a teaching exchange program to the US

9. Where an Australian resident exchange teacher is present in the US for 183 days or less of a US taxable year as an employee teacher, Article 15 of the Convention provides that the salary and wages paid will be taxable only in Australia. In these circumstances, the salary and wages are assessable income under section 6-5 or 6-10 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997), and no exemption is available under section 23AG of the ITAA 1936.

10. Where the period that the Australian resident exchange teacher is present in the US exceeds 183 days of a US taxable year, the salary and wages may be taxed in the US under Article 15 of the Convention (whether or not the US actually exercises that taxing right depends on US domestic tax law). In this situation, the salary and wages will be exempt from Australian tax under section 23AG of the ITAA 1936, provided the exchange teacher is engaged in continuous foreign service for a period of 91 days or more.

US resident teachers on a teaching exchange program to Australia

11. Where a US resident exchange teacher is present in Australia for 183 days or less of an Australian year of income as an employee teacher, Article 15 of the Convention provides that their salary and wages will only be taxable in the US.

12. Where the period that the US resident exchange teacher is present in Australia exceeds 183 days of the Australian year of income, their salary and wages may be taxed in Australia under Article 15 of the Convention. In this case, the salary and wages are assessable income under section 6-5 or 6-10 of the ITAA 1997.

Explanation

Background

13. For Australian residents who go to the US under a teaching exchange program and derive salary and wages, the starting point is that they are assessable on income from all sources, including sources outside Australia (see sections 6-5 and 6-10 of the ITAA 1997).

14. US residents who come to Australia under a teaching exchange program are assessable only on their Australian source income (see sections 6-5 and 6-10 of the ITAA 1997).

15. The salary and wages of Australian residents in the US may be exempt from Australian tax if specifically made so by a provision of the ITAA 1997 or any other Commonwealth law (see section 6-15 and 6-20 of the ITAA 1997). For instance, the salary and wages derived by Australian resident teachers who go to the US on a teacher exchange program may be exempt under section 23AG of the ITAA 1936.

16. The domestic tax law may be modified by the Convention. The Convention allocates taxing rights between Australia and the US which, in the case of Australia, may modify the operation of its domestic taxation law. Sections 6 and 6AA of the International Tax Agreements Act 1953 (Agreements Act) gives the Convention the force of law in Australia. Moreover, subsections 4(1) and 4(2) of the Agreements Act provide that the ITAA 1936 and ITAA 1997 should be read as one with the Agreements Act and that, generally, the Agreements Act prevails in the case of any inconsistencies that may arise. Therefore, subject to certain limited exceptions, where an Article of the Convention prescribes the extent of Australia's taxing rights, it has effect for the purposes of the ITAA 1936 and ITAA 1997.

Australia/US Double Tax Convention and Protocol

17. Unlike some other Conventions, the US Convention does not contain an Article that deals specifically with visiting professors and teachers. It does, however, contain both a Dependent Personal Services Article and a Governmental Remuneration Article. Where the teacher participating in the teacher exchange program is employed (and paid) by the government, a question has arisen as to whether the Dependent Personal Services Article or the Governmental Remuneration Article determines the respective countries' taxing rights under the Convention.

Application of Article 19 to government-employed teachers

18. Article 19 of the Convention applies where, among other things, wages and salaries are paid from government funds to an individual that is an employee of that government for labour or services performed 'in the discharge of governmental functions'. In this Ruling a reference to a government employee is a reference to an individual employed by:

(i)

the government of Australia or the US;

(ii)

a state or political subdivision of (i); or

(iii)

an agency or authority of (i) or (ii).

19. For an employee to come within this Article, they must be performing services in the discharge of 'governmental functions'.

20. The term 'in discharge of governmental functions' is not defined in the Convention. Article 3(2) provides that where a term is not defined in the Convention it takes on the meaning it has under the domestic law of the country applying the Convention unless the context otherwise requires. Australian domestic tax law does not statutorily define what governmental functions are. Nor is there unequivocal case law that provides a definitive, domestic law meaning. There are indications in the case law that a governmental function could be defined broadly to encompass any function that a government chooses to undertake.^[F1] However, there is also judicial support for a distinction between the traditional, core activities of government and other activities undertaken by government. ^[F2] The cases supporting both views were all decided in contexts very different to a tax treaty context. Also, none turned on an interpretation of the specific phrase 'governmental functions'.

21. The ATO's practice in relation to treaty interpretation principles is set out in Taxation Ruling TR 2001/13. As outlined at paragraphs 95 to 97 of that Ruling, the Vienna Convention permits reference to the following material to establish the meaning of the words used in the treaty:

•

any subsequent agreement between the parties as to the interpretation of the treaty;

•

any subsequent practice regarding the application of the treaty that establishes such an agreement; and

•

supplementary material.

22. While we recognise that the words of Article 19 are open to interpretation, the various documents and practices that we consider form the extrinsic materials referred to in the previous paragraph indicate that:

•

the US does not consider education, and hence the function of teaching, to be a 'governmental function'; ^[F3] and

•

Australia has accepted this position for the purposes of this Convention. ^[F4]

23. The Convention is a bilateral, consensual agreement reached by negotiation between Australia and the US. ^[F5] Accordingly, the phrase 'in discharge of governmental functions' in this Convention should be interpreted with this and the matters raised in paragraph 22 in mind.

24. The subsequent agreement between Australia and the US in relation to the interpretation of the Convention and the subsequent practices of both countries exclude teaching services provided by a government-employed teacher from being a governmental function for the purposes of Article 19 of this Convention. Therefore, Article 19 of this Convention does not apply to government-employed teachers. It is also noted that the absence of the standard business and trade exception^[F6] in Article 19 of the Convention is consistent with the view that the Article was intended to be applied in the context of the bilateral agreement referred to in paragraph 22.

Application of Article 15

25. Article 15 of the Convention, which deals with Dependent Personal Services, applies in cases of paid employment. It allocates taxing rights between Australia and the US in relation to Australian and US teachers, whether they are employed by the government or the private sector.

26. Article 15(1) of the Convention contains a general rule that salary and wages derived by an employee who is a resident of one country will be taxable only in that country, unless the employment is exercised in the other country.

27. This general rule is subject to Article 15(2) which provides that the salary and wages is taxable only in the country of residence, where:

•

the exchange teacher is present in the other country for a period or periods not exceeding 183 days in the year of income of that country (note that Australia's year of income runs from 1 July to 30 June whereas the US taxable year runs from 1 January to 31 December);

•

the salary and wages is paid by, or on behalf of, an employer who is not a resident of the other country; and

•

the salary and wages is not deductible in determining taxable profits of a permanent establishment or business which the employer has in the other country.

28. The Protocol contained in Schedule 2A of the Agreements Act which amends the Convention does not make any changes to Articles 15 and 19.

Exemption for foreign employment income

29. Subsection 23AG(1) of the ITAA 1936 exempts from Australian tax the foreign earnings of an Australian resident teacher where they are engaged in continuous foreign service for a period of 91 days or more.

30. However, subsection 23AG(2) of the ITAA 1936 provides that an amount of foreign earnings is not exempt in circumstances where an amount of foreign earnings derived in a foreign country is exempt from tax in the foreign country only because of:

•

a double tax agreement or a law of a country that gives effect to such an agreement (paragraphs 23AG(2)(a) and (b));

•

a law of that foreign country which generally exempts from, or does not provide for, the imposition of income tax on income derived in the capacity of an employee, income from personal services or any other similar income (paragraphs 23AG(2)(c) and (d)); or

•

a law or an international agreement dealing with privileges and immunities of diplomats or consuls or of persons connected with international organisations (paragraphs 23AG(2)(e), (f) and (g)).

31. Therefore, where any of the circumstances set out in subsection 23AG(2) are present, and this is the only reason why the foreign earnings are exempt from tax in the foreign country, then the foreign earnings are not exempt from Australian tax.

32. Paragraphs 9 to 16 of Taxation Ruling TR 96/15 and the addendum to that Ruling explain what is meant by continuous foreign service for section 23AG purposes.

33. Where an amount of foreign earnings is exempt under section 23AG, the amount has implications for the rate of tax applicable on any other assessable income. The 'foreign earnings' that are exempt from Australian tax under section 23AG are taken into account in calculating the Australian tax on the other assessable income derived by the taxpayer (see subsection 23AG(3)).

Australian resident teachers on a teaching exchange program to the US

34. As noted at paragraph 27, Article 15(2) of the Convention gives Australia sole taxing rights where the employment activity is exercised in the US for a period of 183 days or less during the US taxable year. Where an Australian resident teacher is on an exchange teaching assignment to the US for a period of 91 days or more but less than 184 days of the US taxable year Australia has sole taxing rights over the foreign earnings. In this case, no exemption is available under section 23AG because the Australian resident teacher on the exchange program is exempt from Federal income tax in the US on their foreign earnings solely because of the Convention.

35. Where an Australian resident teacher is teaching in the US on an exchange program and the period of foreign service is continuous and is greater than 183 days during the US taxable year, both the US and Australia have a taxing right under Article 15 of the Convention in respect of the foreign earnings derived from employment exercised in that country. In this case, none of the circumstances set out in subsection 23AG(2) apply to prevent the exemption from being available under that section. Consequently, the foreign earnings from that foreign service are exempt from Australian tax under section 23AG. ^[F7]

36. Where an Australian resident teacher is teaching in the US on an exchange program for a period of 90 days or less, irrespective of whether that period straddles the US taxable year, the foreign earnings from that foreign service will be taxable in Australia under section 6-5 or 6-10 of the ITAA 1997. In this case, section 23AG does not apply because the teacher has not been engaged in foreign service for a continuous period of 91 days or more.

US resident teachers on a teaching exchange program to Australia

37. Where a US resident teacher comes to Australia on a teacher exchange program, Article 15 of the Convention allocates taxing rights in respect of the earnings derived from the exercise of employment in Australia. If the period of employment in Australia is for 183 days or less of an Australian year of income, the US has sole taxing rights over that employment income (see paragraph 27).

38. Where the period of employment in Australia under a teaching exchange program is for periods greater than 183 days during the Australian year of income, Australia may tax the salary and wages of the US resident teacher in accordance with Article 15 of the Convention. The teacher's salary and wages are included in assessable income under section 6-5 or 6-10 of the ITAA 1997.

Examples

Example 1 - Australian resident teacher present in US for 183 days or less of a US taxable year

39. An Australian resident teacher is employed by an Australian employer and participates in a teacher exchange program to the US from 1 August 2003 to 31 May 2004. With the US taxable year running from 1 January to 31 December, this represents a stay of 153 days in the 2003 US taxable year and 151 days in the 2004 US taxable year. As the taxpayer is not present in the US for more than 183 days of either the 2003 or 2004 US taxable year, the foreign earnings are taxable only in Australia under Article 15 of the Convention. No exemption is available under section 23AG, even though the taxpayer has been engaged in foreign service for a continuous period exceeding 90 days. That is because the foreign earnings derived by the Australian teacher from service in the US are exempt from US Federal income tax solely because of the operation of the Convention.

Example 2 - Australian resident teacher present in US for more than 183 days of a US taxable year

40. An Australian resident teacher is employed by an Australian employer and participates in a teacher exchange program in the US from 1 January 2003 to 30 November 2004. As this represents a stay of more than 183 days during the US taxable year, the US may tax the foreign earnings from the teacher exchange program in the US.

41. The foreign earnings are exempt from tax in Australia under section 23AG because the taxpayer has been engaged in continuous foreign service for a period of more than 90 days and the income is not exempt in the US solely for any of the reasons listed in paragraph 30.

Example 3 - US resident teacher present in Australia for more than 183 days of the Australian year of income

42. A US resident teacher is employed by a US employer and participates in a teacher exchange program to Australia from 1 July 2001 to 31 May 2002. As this represents a stay in Australia for more than 183 days of the Australian 2002 year of income, the earnings from the teacher exchange program may be taxed in Australia under Article 15 of the Convention and will be included in the taxpayer's assessable income under section 6-5 or 6-10 of the ITAA 1997.

Detailed contents list

43. Below is a detailed contents list for this Taxation Ruling:

Commissioner of Taxation
15 September 2004

Previously released as TR 2004/D1.

References

ATO references:
NO 2004/7879

Related Rulings/Determinations:

TR 92/1
TR 92/20
TR 96/15
TR 97/16
TR 2001/13
IT 2574
IT 2574W

Subject References:
double tax convention
foreign employment
foreign exempt income
foreign source income
overseas employment
teachers

Legislative References:
ITAA 1936 23AG
ITAA 1936 23AG(1)
ITAA 1936 23AG(2)
ITAA 1936 23AG(2)(a)
ITAA 1936 23AG(2)(b)
ITAA 1936 23AG(2)(c)
ITAA 1936 23AG(2)(d)
ITAA 1936 23AG(2)(e)
ITAA 1936 23AG(2)(f)
ITAA 1936 23AG(2)(g)
ITAA 1936 23AG(3)
ITAA 1997 6-5
ITAA 1997 6-10
ITAA 1997 6-15
ITAA 1997 6-20
TAA 1953 Pt IVAAA
International Tax Agreements Act 1953 4(1)
International Tax Agreements Act 1953 4(2)
International Tax Agreements Act 1953 6
International Tax Agreements Act 1953 6AA
International Tax Agreements Act 1953 Sch 2
International Tax Agreements Act 1953 Sch 2 Article 3(2)
International Tax Agreements Act 1953 Sch 2 Article 15
International Tax Agreements Act 1953 Sch 2 Article 15(1)
International Tax Agreements Act 1953 Sch 2 Article 15(2)
International Tax Agreements Act 1953 Sch 2 Article 19
International Tax Agreements Act 1953 Sch 2A

Case References:
Committee of Direction of Fruit Marketing v. Australian Postal Commission
(1980) 144 CLR 577

Ex Parte Professional Engineer's Association
(1959) 107 CLR 208
Federated Amalgamated Government Railway and Tramway Service Association v. The New South Wales Railway Traffic Employees Association
(1906) 4 CLR 488
SGH Ltd v. FC of T
(2002) 210 CLR 51
2002 ATC 4366
49 ATR 521
South Australia v. The Commonwealth
(1942) 65 CLR 373

Other References:
US Treasury Department Technical Explanation to the 1996 US Model Income Tax Convention
OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital 2003 Article 19(3)